{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208729248","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217034","title":"Application of Deep Learning Models for Automated Identification of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Review (2011\u20132021)","display_name":"Application of Deep Learning Models for Automated Identification of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Review (2011\u20132021)","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208729248","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217034","mag":"3208729248","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34770340"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217034","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7034/pdf?version=1635227681","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7034/pdf?version=1635227681","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027610555","display_name":"Hui Wen Loh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8696757","display_name":"Singapore University of Social Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01s57k749","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8696757"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Wen Loh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore 599494, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore 599494, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8696757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028290571","display_name":"Wanrong Hong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanrong Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cogninet Brain Team, Cogninet Australia, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cogninet Brain Team, Cogninet Australia, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056744112","display_name":"Chui Ping Ooi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0293-3280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8696757","display_name":"Singapore University of Social Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01s57k749","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8696757"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chui Ping Ooi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore 599494, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore 599494, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8696757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033894707","display_name":"Subrata Chakraborty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0102-5424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subrata Chakraborty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016221020","display_name":"Prabal Datta Barua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5117-8333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prabal Datta Barua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cogninet Brain Team, Cogninet Australia, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia","Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia","School of Business (Information Systems), Faculty of Business, Education, Law & Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cogninet Brain Team, Cogninet Australia, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business (Information Systems), Faculty of Business, Education, Law & Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065141057","display_name":"Ravinesh C. Deo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ravinesh C. Deo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD 4300, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD 4300, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088810965","display_name":"Jeffrey Soar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4964-7556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Soar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business (Information Systems), Faculty of Business, Education, Law & Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business (Information Systems), Faculty of Business, Education, Law & Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062153529","display_name":"Elizabeth E. Palmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1844-215X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125633","display_name":"Sydney Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02tj04e91","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125633","https://openalex.org/I4210149013"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149013","display_name":"Sydney Children\u2019s Hospitals Network","ror":"https://ror.org/04d87y574","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149013"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth E. Palmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospitals Network, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia","School of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia","Centre of Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia","School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospitals Network, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125633","https://openalex.org/I4210149013"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125633","https://openalex.org/I4210149013"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074179735","display_name":"U. Rajendra Acharya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2689-8552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143578492","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/038a1tp19","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58236372","display_name":"Ngee Ann Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/01w953x65","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58236372"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8696757","display_name":"Singapore University of Social Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01s57k749","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8696757"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96036126","display_name":"Kumamoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02cgss904","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96036126"]}],"countries":["AU","JP","SG","TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"U. Rajendra Acharya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan","Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan","School of Business (Information Systems), Faculty of Business, Education, Law & Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia","School of Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489, Singapore","School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore 599494, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96036126"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business (Information Systems), Faculty of Business, Education, Law & Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58236372"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore 599494, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8696757"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074179735"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143578492","https://openalex.org/I185523456","https://openalex.org/I58236372","https://openalex.org/I8696757","https://openalex.org/I96036126"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":8.6056,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":112,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98379506,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"21","first_page":"7034","last_page":"7034"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.9628000259399414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.9628000259399414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.9478999972343445,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.9370999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6937726736068726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5619609951972961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.5138393044471741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parkinsons-disease","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","score":0.5086873173713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5075443983078003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47911691665649414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44491592049598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.38779085874557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3253445029258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.16431772708892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.10485127568244934}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6937726736068726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5619609951972961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.5138393044471741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779734285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11085","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","level":3,"score":0.5086873173713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5075443983078003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47911691665649414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44491592049598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.38779085874557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3253445029258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.16431772708892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.10485127568244934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217034","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7034/pdf?version=1635227681","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34770340","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34770340","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.usq.edu.au:43984","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400692","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","host_organization_name":"University of Southern Queensland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article (Commonwealth Reporting Category C)"},{"id":"pmh:oai:rune.une.edu.au:1959.11/43199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1959.11/43199","pdf_url":"https://rune.une.edu.au/bitstreams/b6718690-3af9-483a-a8c3-67f554579b6d/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055448","display_name":"RUNE (Research UNE)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5b74bde7b8b4494c81f17c469202c55b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5b74bde7b8b4494c81f17c469202c55b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 21, p 7034 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/21/7034/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217034","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 21; Pages: 7034","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/151248","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/151248","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8587636","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8587636","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217034","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7034/pdf?version=1635227681","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3208729248.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3208729248.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":129,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W170556687","https://openalex.org/W246286872","https://openalex.org/W1847847467","https://openalex.org/W1880988703","https://openalex.org/W1965895201","https://openalex.org/W1966484475","https://openalex.org/W2009845708","https://openalex.org/W2045452241","https://openalex.org/W2048568487","https://openalex.org/W2052513666","https://openalex.org/W2057250428","https://openalex.org/W2057755039","https://openalex.org/W2063026309","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2075432689","https://openalex.org/W2095527787","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2122585011","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2156098321","https://openalex.org/W2156150820","https://openalex.org/W2159294452","https://openalex.org/W2160038564","https://openalex.org/W2168117308","https://openalex.org/W2171056747","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2265145536","https://openalex.org/W2272122054","https://openalex.org/W2281923782","https://openalex.org/W2345403704","https://openalex.org/W2507652798","https://openalex.org/W2524932991","https://openalex.org/W2559749850","https://openalex.org/W2579747565","https://openalex.org/W2617669016","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2746935568","https://openalex.org/W2754039296","https://openalex.org/W2755418381","https://openalex.org/W2756187730","https://openalex.org/W2769998482","https://openalex.org/W2780134754","https://openalex.org/W2794295133","https://openalex.org/W2799820098","https://openalex.org/W2800287564","https://openalex.org/W2802576723","https://openalex.org/W2883558452","https://openalex.org/W2889245000","https://openalex.org/W2890606903","https://openalex.org/W2898972782","https://openalex.org/W2899154945","https://openalex.org/W2901519529","https://openalex.org/W2903434143","https://openalex.org/W2907654371","https://openalex.org/W2911734991","https://openalex.org/W2912411326","https://openalex.org/W2912748932","https://openalex.org/W2913575235","https://openalex.org/W2914569332","https://openalex.org/W2930560356","https://openalex.org/W2943501917","https://openalex.org/W2943511126","https://openalex.org/W2945057891","https://openalex.org/W2946315310","https://openalex.org/W2952405831","https://openalex.org/W2953214253","https://openalex.org/W2954725578","https://openalex.org/W2966830532","https://openalex.org/W2968046103","https://openalex.org/W2969075152","https://openalex.org/W2971278655","https://openalex.org/W2977991349","https://openalex.org/W2978080568","https://openalex.org/W2979665226","https://openalex.org/W2980090549","https://openalex.org/W2980180565","https://openalex.org/W2981124546","https://openalex.org/W2981665155","https://openalex.org/W2982600259","https://openalex.org/W2983369448","https://openalex.org/W2984432114","https://openalex.org/W2991524019","https://openalex.org/W2997421965","https://openalex.org/W3014278717","https://openalex.org/W3027772394","https://openalex.org/W3029947802","https://openalex.org/W3034702168","https://openalex.org/W3036689927","https://openalex.org/W3037476094","https://openalex.org/W3043651657","https://openalex.org/W3044937183","https://openalex.org/W3049733141","https://openalex.org/W3055676410","https://openalex.org/W3080155531","https://openalex.org/W3082883694","https://openalex.org/W3082891436","https://openalex.org/W3091181587","https://openalex.org/W3092273386","https://openalex.org/W3092857159","https://openalex.org/W3093112170","https://openalex.org/W3098964993","https://openalex.org/W3106870453","https://openalex.org/W3106962825","https://openalex.org/W3110827841","https://openalex.org/W3111722905","https://openalex.org/W3117098709","https://openalex.org/W3118375133","https://openalex.org/W3120795911","https://openalex.org/W3121470058","https://openalex.org/W3121484310","https://openalex.org/W3122945324","https://openalex.org/W3134127288","https://openalex.org/W3135708878","https://openalex.org/W3155926737","https://openalex.org/W3160122175","https://openalex.org/W3162497604","https://openalex.org/W3163147779","https://openalex.org/W3163434915","https://openalex.org/W3165279084","https://openalex.org/W3170804538","https://openalex.org/W3177910916","https://openalex.org/W3185004711","https://openalex.org/W3198744163","https://openalex.org/W4206481149","https://openalex.org/W4241279990","https://openalex.org/W4294215472","https://openalex.org/W6606861602","https://openalex.org/W6757434727","https://openalex.org/W6758581084"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2229271988","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W438207291","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W4230611425","https://openalex.org/W4294635752","https://openalex.org/W4304166257","https://openalex.org/W4401814285","https://openalex.org/W4380075502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Parkinson's":[0],"disease":[1,84],"(PD)":[2],"is":[3,90],"the":[4,24,27,57,65,72,83,97,103,203,215,221,236,242,248,252],"second":[5],"most":[6],"common":[7],"neurodegenerative":[8],"disorder":[9],"affecting":[10],"over":[11],"6":[12],"million":[13],"people":[14],"globally.":[15,266],"Although":[16],"there":[17,29],"are":[18,30,111,145,219],"symptomatic":[19],"treatments":[20,77],"that":[21,96,138,166,218],"can":[22,61,99,139],"increase":[23,44],"survivability":[25],"of":[26,36,67,88,106,122,143,175,180,223,245,250,257,264],"disease,":[28],"no":[31],"curative":[32],"treatments.":[33],"The":[34],"prevalence":[35],"PD":[37,68,89,127,265],"and":[38,56,163,188,190,196,213,255],"disability-adjusted":[39],"life":[40],"years":[41],"continue":[42],"to":[43,47,115,234,260],"steadily,":[45],"leading":[46],"a":[48,119],"growing":[49],"burden":[50],"on":[51,134,238],"patients,":[52],"their":[53],"families,":[54],"society":[55],"economy.":[58],"Dopaminergic":[59],"medications":[60],"significantly":[62],"slow":[63],"down":[64],"progression":[66],"when":[69],"applied":[70],"during":[71],"early":[73,126,262],"stages.":[74],"However,":[75],"these":[76,199],"often":[78,112],"become":[79],"less":[80],"effective":[81],"with":[82],"progression.":[85],"Early":[86],"diagnosis":[87,142,174],"crucial":[91],"for":[92,102,171,210],"immediate":[93],"interventions":[94],"so":[95],"patients":[98],"remain":[100],"self-sufficient":[101],"longest":[104],"period":[105],"time":[107],"possible.":[108],"Unfortunately,":[109],"diagnoses":[110],"late,":[113],"due":[114],"factors":[116],"such":[117,224,258],"as":[118],"global":[120],"shortage":[121],"neurologists":[123],"skilled":[124],"in":[125,227,241,247],"diagnosis.":[128],"Computer-aided":[129],"diagnostic":[130],"(CAD)":[131],"tools,":[132],"based":[133],"artificial":[135],"intelligence":[136],"methods,":[137],"perform":[140],"automated":[141,173,243],"PD,":[144,176,246],"gaining":[146],"attention":[147],"from":[148],"healthcare":[149],"services.":[150],"In":[151],"this":[152],"review,":[153],"we":[154,201,230],"have":[155],"identified":[156],"63":[157],"studies":[158,237],"published":[159],"between":[160],"January":[161],"2011":[162],"July":[164],"2021,":[165],"proposed":[167],"deep":[168,206,239],"learning":[169,207,240],"models":[170],"an":[172],"using":[177],"various":[178],"types":[179],"modalities":[181],"like":[182],"brain":[183],"analysis":[184],"(SPECT,":[185],"PET,":[186],"MRI":[187],"EEG),":[189],"motion":[191],"symptoms":[192],"(gait,":[193],"handwriting,":[194],"speech":[195],"EMG).":[197],"From":[198],"studies,":[200],"identify":[202],"best":[204],"performing":[205],"model":[208],"reported":[209],"each":[211],"modality":[212],"highlight":[214],"current":[216],"limitations":[217],"hindering":[220],"adoption":[222],"CAD":[225],"tools":[226,259],"healthcare.":[228],"Finally,":[229],"propose":[231],"new":[232],"directions":[233],"further":[235],"detection":[244,263],"hopes":[249],"improving":[251],"utility,":[253],"applicability":[254],"impact":[256],"improve":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}