{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210577968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217016","title":"A Deep Learning-Based Intrusion Detection System for MQTT Enabled IoT","display_name":"A Deep Learning-Based Intrusion Detection System for MQTT Enabled IoT","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210577968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217016","mag":"3210577968","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34770322"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7016/pdf?version=1635501207","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7016/pdf?version=1635501207","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074772830","display_name":"Muhammad Almas Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8712-5599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Almas Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8712-5599","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029347215","display_name":"Muazzam A. Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6140-1201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muazzam A. Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6140-1201","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048418386","display_name":"Sana Ullah Jan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3950-4719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sana Ullah Jan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3950-4719","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100754273","display_name":"Jawad Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6289-8248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jawad Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6289-8248","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054500045","display_name":"Sajjad Shaukat Jamal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5852-1955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajjad Shaukat Jamal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5852-1955","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003097911","display_name":"Awais Aziz Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1656-739X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68618741","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Bari","ror":"https://ror.org/03c44v465","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Awais Aziz Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Informational Engineering (DEI), Polytechnic University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1656-739X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Informational Engineering (DEI), Polytechnic University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68618741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082150685","display_name":"Nikolaos Pitropakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3392-9970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos Pitropakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3392-9970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068020099","display_name":"William J. Buchanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0809-3523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William J. Buchanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0809-3523","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029347215","https://openalex.org/A5100754273"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534","https://openalex.org/I251738"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":13.7997,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":174,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99281282,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"21","first_page":"7016","last_page":"7016"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mqtt","display_name":"MQTT","score":0.9762855768203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8213380575180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/message-queue","display_name":"Message queue","score":0.7637676000595093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5565826892852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.4983944892883301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.4925282895565033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.48973798751831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4329327344894409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.41352319717407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3942911624908447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39389991760253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.25420325994491577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.24612188339233398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.15324166417121887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11934974789619446}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132868160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10322548","display_name":"MQTT","level":3,"score":0.9762855768203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8213380575180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26324664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065525","display_name":"Message queue","level":2,"score":0.7637676000595093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5565826892852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.4983944892883301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.4925282895565033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.48973798751831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4329327344894409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.41352319717407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3942911624908447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39389991760253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.25420325994491577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.24612188339233398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.15324166417121887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11934974789619446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000080487","descriptor_name":"Internet of Things","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000080487","descriptor_name":"Internet of Things","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000080487","descriptor_name":"Internet of Things","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013686","descriptor_name":"Telemetry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013686","descriptor_name":"Telemetry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013686","descriptor_name":"Telemetry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7016/pdf?version=1635501207","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34770322","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34770322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:294669","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6ffba6c808314d33a4c1320a4aa27ea1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6ffba6c808314d33a4c1320a4aa27ea1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 21, p 7016 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/21/7016/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 21; Pages: 7016","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:napier-surface.worktribe.com:2815344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/2815344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402591","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I251738","host_organization_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8588509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8588509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7016/pdf?version=1635501207","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2487478828","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R.G.P. 1/77/42","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","funder_display_name":"King Khalid University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210577968.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210577968.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027281287","https://openalex.org/W2030103455","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2162783010","https://openalex.org/W2184306774","https://openalex.org/W2280017167","https://openalex.org/W2529012001","https://openalex.org/W2609495336","https://openalex.org/W2762644836","https://openalex.org/W2765444931","https://openalex.org/W2779139350","https://openalex.org/W2783411277","https://openalex.org/W2786647169","https://openalex.org/W2786858043","https://openalex.org/W2789828921","https://openalex.org/W2888038539","https://openalex.org/W2911505293","https://openalex.org/W2911711528","https://openalex.org/W2913497771","https://openalex.org/W2917924196","https://openalex.org/W2926701059","https://openalex.org/W2927160209","https://openalex.org/W2929835212","https://openalex.org/W2932350328","https://openalex.org/W2944643572","https://openalex.org/W2977577189","https://openalex.org/W2979637987","https://openalex.org/W2982461031","https://openalex.org/W2985985298","https://openalex.org/W2990218685","https://openalex.org/W2992864406","https://openalex.org/W3003727567","https://openalex.org/W3005861065","https://openalex.org/W3009195050","https://openalex.org/W3010067093","https://openalex.org/W3013275963","https://openalex.org/W3021804235","https://openalex.org/W3021970402","https://openalex.org/W3027336681","https://openalex.org/W3029926096","https://openalex.org/W3039274670","https://openalex.org/W3082502178","https://openalex.org/W3085955590","https://openalex.org/W3096448935","https://openalex.org/W3098620325","https://openalex.org/W3099185017","https://openalex.org/W3123908207","https://openalex.org/W3126814579","https://openalex.org/W3128910312","https://openalex.org/W3131438039","https://openalex.org/W3162220519","https://openalex.org/W3175123466","https://openalex.org/W3185928824","https://openalex.org/W3186890950","https://openalex.org/W6681435938","https://openalex.org/W6748503732"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2808909086","https://openalex.org/W2594893198","https://openalex.org/W2920851310","https://openalex.org/W2782567402","https://openalex.org/W3191127435","https://openalex.org/W4392109326","https://openalex.org/W4214846370","https://openalex.org/W4379141734","https://openalex.org/W4296712975","https://openalex.org/W2953647658"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"large":[1],"number":[2,49],"of":[3,8,31,50,129,144,188,212],"smart":[4],"devices":[5],"in":[6,68,134,139,185],"Internet":[7],"Things":[9],"(IoT)":[10],"environments":[11],"communicate":[12],"via":[13],"different":[14,114,127],"messaging":[15],"protocols.":[16],"Message":[17],"Queuing":[18],"Telemetry":[19],"Transport":[20],"(MQTT)":[21],"is":[22,110],"a":[23,60,86,123],"widely":[24],"used":[25],"publish-subscribe-based":[26],"protocol":[27,71],"for":[28,43,65,160,178,218],"the":[29,48,69,135,140,161,169,186,201,204,209,219],"communication":[30],"sensor":[32],"or":[33],"event":[34],"data.":[35],"The":[36,108,147,158],"publish-subscribe":[37],"strategy":[38],"makes":[39],"it":[40],"more":[41],"attractive":[42],"intruders":[44],"and":[45,72,103,121,142,156,164,175,181,197,216],"thus":[46],"increases":[47],"possible":[51],"attacks":[52],"over":[53],"MQTT.":[54],"In":[55],"this":[56],"paper,":[57],"we":[58],"proposed":[59,205],"Deep":[61],"Neural":[62],"Network":[63],"(DNN)":[64],"intrusion":[66],"detection":[67],"MQTT-based":[70],"also":[73],"compared":[74],"its":[75],"performance":[76,109],"with":[77,125],"other":[78,202],"traditional":[79],"machine":[80],"learning":[81],"(ML)":[82],"algorithms,":[83],"such":[84,131],"as":[85,132],"Naive":[87],"Bayes":[88],"(NB),":[89],"Random":[90],"Forest":[91],"(RF),":[92],"k-Nearest":[93],"Neighbour":[94],"(kNN),":[95],"Decision":[96],"Tree":[97],"(DT),":[98],"Long":[99],"Short-Term":[100],"Memory":[101],"(LSTM),":[102],"Gated":[104],"Recurrent":[105],"Units":[106],"(GRUs).":[107],"proved":[111],"using":[112],"two":[113],"publicly":[115],"available":[116],"datasets,":[117],"including":[118,153],"(1)":[119],"MQTT-IoT-IDS2020":[120,148],"(2)":[122],"dataset":[124,163],"three":[126,150],"types":[128],"attacks,":[130],"Man":[133],"Middle":[136],"(MitM),":[137],"Intrusion":[138],"network,":[141],"Denial":[143],"Services":[145],"(DoS).":[146],"contains":[149],"abstract-level":[151],"features,":[152],"Uni-Flow,":[154],"Bi-Flow,":[155],"Packet-Flow.":[157],"results":[159],"first":[162],"binary":[165],"classification":[166],"show":[167],"that":[168],"DNN-based":[170],"model":[171,207],"achieved":[172],"99.92%,":[173],"99.75%,":[174],"94.94%":[176],"accuracies":[177,192],"Uni-flow,":[179],"Bi-flow,":[180],"Packet-flow,":[182],"respectively.":[183,199],"However,":[184],"case":[187],"multi-label":[189],"classification,":[190],"these":[191],"reduced":[193],"to":[194],"97.08%,":[195],"98.12%,":[196],"90.79%,":[198],"On":[200],"hand,":[203],"DNN":[206],"attains":[208],"highest":[210],"accuracy":[211],"97.13%":[213],"against":[214],"LSTM":[215],"GRUs":[217],"second":[220],"dataset.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
