{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3206290113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21216966","title":"ECG Authentication Based on Non-Linear Normalization under Various Physiological Conditions","display_name":"ECG Authentication Based on Non-Linear Normalization under Various Physiological Conditions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3206290113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21216966","mag":"3206290113","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34770273"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21216966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21216966","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/6966/pdf?version=1634895603","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/6966/pdf?version=1634895603","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083467852","display_name":"Ho Bin Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8809-1597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho Bin Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8809-1597","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080554401","display_name":"Hyeokchan Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4120-5999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyeokchan Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Security Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4120-5999","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Security Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005709094","display_name":"Byungho Chung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6314-8094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byungho Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Security Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6314-8094","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Security Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047095948","display_name":"Jongshill Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9884-9672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jongshill Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9884-9672","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100740474","display_name":"In Young Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9580-7074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"In Young Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9580-7074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047095948","https://openalex.org/A5100740474"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.3835,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90254751,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"21","first_page":"6966","last_page":"6966"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.8774466514587402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6997271180152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.6384673118591309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6362718939781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5108713507652283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5077746510505676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48012495040893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3587643504142761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3426443338394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2536389231681824}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.8774466514587402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6997271180152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.6384673118591309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6362718939781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5108713507652283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5077746510505676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48012495040893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3587643504142761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3426443338394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2536389231681824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056667","descriptor_name":"Biometric Identification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056667","descriptor_name":"Biometric Identification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056667","descriptor_name":"Biometric Identification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21216966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21216966","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/6966/pdf?version=1634895603","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34770273","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34770273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:840925f3ee994d7c92638ddd9bae704c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/840925f3ee994d7c92638ddd9bae704c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 21, p 6966 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/21/6966/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21216966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 21; Pages: 6966","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8587891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8587891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21216966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21216966","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/6966/pdf?version=1634895603","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206290113.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W297909767","https://openalex.org/W1512403036","https://openalex.org/W2016903898","https://openalex.org/W2027539209","https://openalex.org/W2045844656","https://openalex.org/W2059067639","https://openalex.org/W2093451445","https://openalex.org/W2098508968","https://openalex.org/W2117736816","https://openalex.org/W2127510558","https://openalex.org/W2140440101","https://openalex.org/W2159577413","https://openalex.org/W2160986440","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2169733352","https://openalex.org/W2268339064","https://openalex.org/W2341318667","https://openalex.org/W2345175561","https://openalex.org/W2440801683","https://openalex.org/W2566002139","https://openalex.org/W2589309664","https://openalex.org/W2736978235","https://openalex.org/W2739207898","https://openalex.org/W2759456125","https://openalex.org/W2789521363","https://openalex.org/W2792557137","https://openalex.org/W2793431625","https://openalex.org/W2794289762","https://openalex.org/W2796286841","https://openalex.org/W2804426336","https://openalex.org/W2809242972","https://openalex.org/W2928275747","https://openalex.org/W2979525656","https://openalex.org/W3000069883","https://openalex.org/W3002328320","https://openalex.org/W3014522705","https://openalex.org/W3027395290","https://openalex.org/W3035663494","https://openalex.org/W3037473497","https://openalex.org/W3110937812","https://openalex.org/W3114089852","https://openalex.org/W3130749279","https://openalex.org/W6750666213"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2188559950","https://openalex.org/W2989910292","https://openalex.org/W2998478967","https://openalex.org/W3128793638","https://openalex.org/W2123299109","https://openalex.org/W2021230337","https://openalex.org/W4401097268","https://openalex.org/W4387799680","https://openalex.org/W3104966193","https://openalex.org/W4308237908"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,155],"development":[1],"and":[2,12,46,98,128,149],"use":[3],"of":[4,10,31,39,62,91,102,118],"wearable":[5],"devices":[6],"require":[7],"high":[8],"levels":[9],"security":[11],"have":[13],"sparked":[14],"interest":[15],"in":[16,34,70,78,124,130,136],"biometric":[17],"authentication":[18,51,58,140,164],"research.":[19],"Among":[20],"the":[21,89,100,115,119,125,131,137,146,152],"available":[22],"approaches,":[23],"electrocardiogram":[24],"(ECG)":[25],"technology":[26],"is":[27,66],"attracting":[28],"attention":[29],"because":[30],"its":[32],"strengths":[33],"spoofing.":[35],"However,":[36],"morphological":[37],"changes":[38,69],"ECG,":[40],"which":[41],"are":[42],"affected":[43],"by":[44],"physical":[45],"psychological":[47],"factors,":[48],"can":[49,158],"make":[50],"difficult.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54],"paper,":[55],"we":[56],"propose":[57],"using":[59],"non-linear":[60,85],"normalization":[61,86],"ECG":[63,71,92],"beats":[64,112],"that":[65],"robust":[67],"to":[68,74,107,161],"waveforms":[72],"according":[73],"heart":[75,94],"rate":[76],"fluctuations":[77],"various":[79,167],"daily":[80],"activities.":[81],"We":[82],"performed":[83],"a":[84],"method":[87,105,121,157],"through":[88],"analysis":[90],"alongside":[93],"rate,":[95],"evaluating":[96],"similarities":[97],"authenticating":[99],"performance":[101,141],"our":[103],"new":[104],"compared":[106],"existing":[108],"methods.":[109],"Compared":[110],"with":[111],"before":[113],"normalization,":[114],"average":[116],"similarity":[117],"proposed":[120,156],"increased":[122],"23.7%":[123],"resting":[126,138,147],"state":[127,148],"43%":[129],"non-resting":[132,153],"state.":[133,154],"After":[134],"learning":[135],"state,":[139],"reached":[142],"99.05%":[143],"accuracy":[144],"for":[145,151],"88.14%":[150],"be":[159],"applicable":[160],"an":[162],"ECG-based":[163],"system":[165],"under":[166],"physiological":[168],"conditions.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2021-10-25T00:00:00"}