{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205347672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206833","title":"Utilization of LED Grow Lights for Optical Wireless Communication-Based RF-Free Smart-Farming System","display_name":"Utilization of LED Grow Lights for Optical Wireless Communication-Based RF-Free Smart-Farming System","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205347672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206833","mag":"3205347672","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34696049"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21206833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206833","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6833/pdf?version=1634210189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6833/pdf?version=1634210189","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090890558","display_name":"Sana Javed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8384-2144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sana Javed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055092378","display_name":"Louey Issaoui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4062-2958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louey Issaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4062-2958","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049320667","display_name":"Seonghyeon Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9189-8546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seonghyeon Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006382091","display_name":"Hyunchae Chun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3907-4862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyunchae Chun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3907-4862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006382091"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.885,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71299894,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"20","first_page":"6833","last_page":"6833"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11268","display_name":"Light effects on plants","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9150000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.9077999591827393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6448672413825989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.5670766234397888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.5421967506408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5263689160346985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless","display_name":"Optical wireless","score":0.5059189200401306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/led-lamp","display_name":"LED lamp","score":0.4976346790790558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.41803762316703796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.40133559703826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3789213299751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3249625563621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.2993267774581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.28887856006622314}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.9077999591827393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6448672413825989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.5670766234397888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.5421967506408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5263689160346985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098907","display_name":"Optical wireless","level":3,"score":0.5059189200401306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101271287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553201","display_name":"LED lamp","level":2,"score":0.4976346790790558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.41803762316703796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.40133559703826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3789213299751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3249625563621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2993267774581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.28887856006622314}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000072480","descriptor_name":"Farms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000072480","descriptor_name":"Farms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000072480","descriptor_name":"Farms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008491","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics Applications","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008491","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics Applications","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008491","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics Applications","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055096","descriptor_name":"Optical Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055096","descriptor_name":"Optical Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055096","descriptor_name":"Optical Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21206833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206833","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6833/pdf?version=1634210189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34696049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34696049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8538730","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8538730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a432a35051374a468ae2742cd72a5e84","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a432a35051374a468ae2742cd72a5e84","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 20, p 6833 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/20/6833/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 20; Pages: 6833","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21206833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206833","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6833/pdf?version=1634210189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321363","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3205347672.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3205347672.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964604939","https://openalex.org/W2019201258","https://openalex.org/W2091133346","https://openalex.org/W2105935781","https://openalex.org/W2111064254","https://openalex.org/W2114163856","https://openalex.org/W2115612547","https://openalex.org/W2117645822","https://openalex.org/W2477949603","https://openalex.org/W2520033746","https://openalex.org/W2536785484","https://openalex.org/W2590774584","https://openalex.org/W2711653377","https://openalex.org/W2785121326","https://openalex.org/W2914345308","https://openalex.org/W2920484357","https://openalex.org/W2948484056","https://openalex.org/W2963122641","https://openalex.org/W2979110806","https://openalex.org/W3011530199","https://openalex.org/W3033910370","https://openalex.org/W3035754009","https://openalex.org/W3120405967","https://openalex.org/W3161931731","https://openalex.org/W3167000686","https://openalex.org/W6726729476","https://openalex.org/W6733556058","https://openalex.org/W6759083101","https://openalex.org/W6795113646"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2592894164","https://openalex.org/W2039798909","https://openalex.org/W2052505308","https://openalex.org/W4211208704","https://openalex.org/W3009734089","https://openalex.org/W2064392160","https://openalex.org/W4386293784","https://openalex.org/W2241220104","https://openalex.org/W3081944688","https://openalex.org/W4211247333"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indoor":[0],"smart-farming":[1,86,158],"based":[2],"on":[3],"artificial":[4],"grow":[5,73,103],"lights":[6,74],"has":[7],"gained":[8],"attention":[9],"in":[10,90],"the":[11,19,36,43,47,51,62,72,85,91,114,117,122,128,131,143,154,157,175,178,184],"past":[12],"few":[13],"years.":[14],"In":[15,88,153],"modern":[16],"agricultural":[17],"technology,":[18],"growth":[20,44,115],"status":[21],"is":[22,33,96,107],"generally":[23],"monitored":[24],"and":[25,46,75,80,140,169,192],"controlled":[26],"by":[27,66,181],"radio-frequency":[28],"communication":[29,83,94,148],"networks.":[30],"However,":[31],"it":[32],"reported":[34],"that":[35,106],"radio":[37],"frequency":[38],"(RF)":[39],"could":[40],"negatively":[41],"impact":[42],"rate":[45],"health":[48],"condition":[49],"of":[50,116,136,177,188],"vegetables.":[52,118],"This":[53],"work":[54],"proposes":[55],"an":[56,146],"energy-efficient":[57],"solution":[58],"replacing":[59],"or":[60],"augmenting":[61],"current":[63],"RF":[64],"system":[65],"utilizing":[67],"light-emitting":[68],"diodes":[69],"(LEDs)":[70],"as":[71,150],"adopting":[76],"visible":[77],"light":[78,105,125],"communications":[79],"optical":[81],"camera":[82],"for":[84,113,130],"systems.":[87],"particular,":[89],"proposed":[92,155,179],"system,":[93],"data":[95,186],"modulated":[97,123],"via":[98],"a":[99,151,171],"24%":[100],"additional":[101],"green":[102,124],"LED":[104],"also":[108],"known":[109],"to":[110,163],"be":[111],"beneficial":[112],"Optical":[119],"cameras":[120],"capture":[121],"reflected":[126],"from":[127],"vegetables":[129],"uplink":[132],"connection.":[133],"A":[134],"combination":[135],"white":[137],"ceiling":[138],"LEDs":[139],"photodetectors":[141],"provides":[142],"downlink,":[144],"enabling":[145],"RF-free":[147],"network":[149],"whole.":[152],"architecture,":[156],"units":[159],"are":[160],"modularized,":[161],"leading":[162],"flexible":[164],"mobility.":[165],"Following":[166],"theoretical":[167],"analysis":[168],"simulations,":[170],"proof-of-concept":[172],"demonstration":[173],"presents":[174],"feasibility":[176],"architecture":[180],"successfully":[182],"demonstrating":[183],"maximum":[185],"rates":[187],"840":[189],"b/s":[190],"(uplink)":[191],"20":[193],"Mb/s":[194],"(downlink).":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}