{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205182086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206825","title":"A Comparison of Bottom-Up Models for Spatial Saliency Predictions in Autonomous Driving","display_name":"A Comparison of Bottom-Up Models for Spatial Saliency Predictions in Autonomous Driving","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205182086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206825","mag":"3205182086","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34696044"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21206825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206825","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035529919","display_name":"Jaime Maldonado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2334-1073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jaime Maldonado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Neuroinformatics, University of Bremen, Enrique-Schmidt-Stra\u00dfe 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2334-1073","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Neuroinformatics, University of Bremen, Enrique-Schmidt-Stra\u00dfe 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052999242","display_name":"Lino Antoni Giefer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1992-3214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lino Antoni Giefer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Neuroinformatics, University of Bremen, Enrique-Schmidt-Stra\u00dfe 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1992-3214","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Neuroinformatics, University of Bremen, Enrique-Schmidt-Stra\u00dfe 5, 28359 Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035529919"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2124,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2290},"fwci":0.3884,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61699171,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"20","first_page":"6825","last_page":"6825"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10971","display_name":"Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2809","display_name":"Sensory Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9753999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salient","display_name":"Salient","score":0.9117826223373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7282580733299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.6465569734573364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.6355275511741638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6275616884231567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6147468686103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saliency-map","display_name":"Saliency map","score":0.5073320269584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5010967254638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-based","display_name":"Object based","score":0.49446725845336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.47754037380218506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4746337831020355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/top-down-and-bottom-up-design","display_name":"Top-down and bottom-up design","score":0.42658960819244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20250895619392395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.9117826223373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7282580733299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.6465569734573364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.6355275511741638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6275616884231567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6147468686103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779679900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25304431","display_name":"Saliency map","level":3,"score":0.5073320269584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5010967254638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019973339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899523","display_name":"Object based","level":3,"score":0.49446725845336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.47754037380218506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4746337831020355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135798126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167279","display_name":"Top-down and bottom-up design","level":2,"score":0.42658960819244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20250895619392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21206825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34696044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34696044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9c6a9c519e4e4f7296c73bb07d3ba6d5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9c6a9c519e4e4f7296c73bb07d3ba6d5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 20, p 6825 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/20/6825/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 20; Pages: 6825","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8536998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8536998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21206825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1772076007","https://openalex.org/W1979606352","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2019497121","https://openalex.org/W2128272608","https://openalex.org/W2135957164","https://openalex.org/W2142504338","https://openalex.org/W2146103513","https://openalex.org/W2160613239","https://openalex.org/W2164084182","https://openalex.org/W2314032274","https://openalex.org/W2318802957","https://openalex.org/W2332175535","https://openalex.org/W2514310904","https://openalex.org/W2520859141","https://openalex.org/W2743627947","https://openalex.org/W2897613446","https://openalex.org/W2963503775","https://openalex.org/W3039854626","https://openalex.org/W3045153201","https://openalex.org/W3098389804","https://openalex.org/W3104979525","https://openalex.org/W3118710621","https://openalex.org/W3126412791","https://openalex.org/W4236942803","https://openalex.org/W4241727697","https://openalex.org/W4399522730","https://openalex.org/W6803376173"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064871819","https://openalex.org/W2054945203","https://openalex.org/W2575602754","https://openalex.org/W1967391339","https://openalex.org/W3009179364","https://openalex.org/W2376243400","https://openalex.org/W2351778949","https://openalex.org/W1513816165","https://openalex.org/W2132649329","https://openalex.org/W3205182086"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bottom-up":[0],"saliency":[1,45,84,137],"models":[2,20,52],"identify":[3,87],"the":[4,44,77,80,83,93,99,112,119,127,130,136,140,151],"salient":[5,100,120,155],"regions":[6],"of":[7,26,43,55,76,82,98,122,132,139,154],"an":[8,123],"image":[9,124],"based":[10],"on":[11,53,67,107,150],"features":[12,153],"such":[13,174],"as":[14,24,165,175],"color,":[15],"intensity":[16],"and":[17,30,57,66,72,79,96,125,135,145,178],"orientation.":[18],"These":[19],"are":[21],"typically":[22],"used":[23,164],"predictors":[25],"human":[27],"visual":[28],"behavior":[29],"for":[31,168],"computer":[32],"vision":[33],"tasks.":[34],"In":[35],"this":[36],"paper,":[37],"we":[38,110],"conduct":[39],"a":[40],"systematic":[41],"evaluation":[42],"maps":[46,138],"computed":[47,102],"with":[48,90],"four":[49],"selected":[50],"bottom-up":[51],"images":[54,65],"urban":[56],"highway":[58],"traffic":[59,133],"scenes.":[60],"Saliency":[61],"both":[62],"over":[63],"whole":[64],"object":[68,115,176],"level":[69],"is":[70],"investigated":[71],"elaborated":[73],"in":[74,171],"terms":[75],"energy":[78],"entropy":[81],"maps.":[85],"We":[86],"significant":[88],"differences":[89],"respect":[91],"to":[92],"amount,":[94],"size":[95],"shape-complexity":[97],"areas":[101,121,156],"by":[103,158],"different":[104,141,159],"models.":[105,142],"Based":[106],"these":[108],"findings,":[109],"analyze":[111],"likelihood":[113],"that":[114],"instances":[116],"fall":[117],"within":[118],"investigate":[126],"agreement":[128],"between":[129],"segments":[131],"participants":[134],"The":[143],"overall":[144],"object-level":[146],"analysis":[147],"provides":[148],"insights":[149],"distinctive":[152],"identified":[157],"models,":[160],"which":[161],"can":[162],"be":[163],"selection":[166],"criteria":[167],"prospective":[169],"applications":[170],"autonomous":[172],"driving":[173],"detection":[177],"tracking.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}