{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3206605839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206812","title":"Using Social Signals to Predict Shoplifting: A Transparent Approach to a Sensitive Activity Analysis Problem","display_name":"Using Social Signals to Predict Shoplifting: A Transparent Approach to a Sensitive Activity Analysis Problem","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3206605839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206812","mag":"3206605839","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34696025"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21206812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206812","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6812/pdf?version=1634203276","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6812/pdf?version=1634203276","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048019300","display_name":"Shane Reid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8307-3293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shane Reid","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry/Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8307-3293","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry/Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070227862","display_name":"Sonya Coleman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4676-7640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonya Coleman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry/Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry/Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088195602","display_name":"Philip Vance","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2189-3608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Vance","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry/Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2189-3608","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry/Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015138346","display_name":"Dermot Kerr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5077-0658"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dermot Kerr","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry/Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5077-0658","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry/Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062570946","display_name":"Siobhan O\u2019Neill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8786-2118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siobhan O\u2019Neill","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry/Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry/Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048019300"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15074287,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"20","first_page":"6812","last_page":"6812"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6790045499801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.6739253997802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.6516761779785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5633273124694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48486432433128357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.46183228492736816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4383545517921448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41655024886131287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3989942669868469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.23837041854858398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13796809315681458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08416107296943665}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6790045499801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6739253997802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.6516761779785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5633273124694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48486432433128357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.46183228492736816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4383545517921448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41655024886131287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3989942669868469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23837041854858398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13796809315681458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08416107296943665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D013800","descriptor_name":"Theft","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013800","descriptor_name":"Theft","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013800","descriptor_name":"Theft","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013800","descriptor_name":"Theft","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21206812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206812","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6812/pdf?version=1634203276","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34696025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34696025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/beb8d0ad-afc0-49f6-9e1e-66508295e5ec","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/beb8d0ad-afc0-49f6-9e1e-66508295e5ec","pdf_url":"https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/ws/files/92605815/sensors_21_06812_1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402454","display_name":"Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","host_organization_name":"University of Ulster","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Reid, S, Coleman, S, Vance, P, Kerr, D & O'Neill, S 2021, 'Using Social Signals to Predict Shoplifting: A Transparent Approach to a Sensitive Activity Analysis Problem', Sensors, vol. 21, no. 20, 6812. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206812","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:7429714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8541608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8541608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8541608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:76dd1d02b2b04e14ab070d899624fc1d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/76dd1d02b2b04e14ab070d899624fc1d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 20, p 6812 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/20/6812/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 20; Pages: 6812","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21206812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206812","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/20/6812/pdf?version=1634203276","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206605839.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W631903054","https://openalex.org/W1985258161","https://openalex.org/W1985452791","https://openalex.org/W2039441111","https://openalex.org/W2097128017","https://openalex.org/W2145073242","https://openalex.org/W2169374085","https://openalex.org/W2292220267","https://openalex.org/W2467296628","https://openalex.org/W2892568259","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2957744218","https://openalex.org/W2963795951","https://openalex.org/W3007703012","https://openalex.org/W3022953388","https://openalex.org/W3131207683","https://openalex.org/W3198526660","https://openalex.org/W4230340704","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4242317210","https://openalex.org/W6616469993","https://openalex.org/W6681651645","https://openalex.org/W6754836090","https://openalex.org/W6797647490","https://openalex.org/W6821113053"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382930947","https://openalex.org/W3081288631","https://openalex.org/W3152382318","https://openalex.org/W3004686567","https://openalex.org/W2738656338","https://openalex.org/W2603787370","https://openalex.org/W2555400967","https://openalex.org/W4377865163","https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W3184396788"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Retail":[0],"shoplifting":[1,34,183,198],"is":[2,118,123,146],"one":[3,16],"of":[4,9,58,77,96,150,158,163,182,195,207,216],"the":[5,56,90,94,137,148,161,180,217],"most":[6,45],"prevalent":[7],"forms":[8],"theft":[10],"and":[11,189,209],"has":[12,186],"accounted":[13],"for":[14,21,166,179],"over":[15],"billion":[17],"GBP":[18],"in":[19,24,89,120,160],"losses":[20],"UK":[22],"retailers":[23,97],"2018.":[25],"An":[26],"automated":[27],"approach":[28],"to":[29,49,70,98,127,142,154],"detecting":[30],"behaviours":[31],"associated":[32],"with":[33,213],"using":[35,191],"surveillance":[36],"footage":[37],"could":[38],"help":[39],"reduce":[40],"these":[41,65,100,114],"losses.":[42],"Until":[43],"recently,":[44],"state-of-the-art":[46],"vision-based":[47],"approaches":[48],"this":[50,75,144,167,170],"problem":[51,145,181],"have":[52,67,107],"relied":[53],"heavily":[54],"on":[55,79],"use":[57,149],"black":[59,115,219],"box":[60,116,220],"deep":[61],"learning":[62],"models.":[63,91],"While":[64],"models":[66,129,165],"been":[68,187],"shown":[69],"achieve":[71,132],"very":[72],"high":[73,133,205],"accuracy,":[74],"lack":[76],"understanding":[78,159,208],"how":[80],"decisions":[81],"are":[82],"made":[83],"raises":[84],"concerns":[85],"about":[86],"potential":[87],"bias":[88],"This":[92],"limits":[93],"ability":[95],"implement":[99],"solutions,":[101],"as":[102],"several":[103],"high-profile":[104],"legal":[105],"cases":[106],"recently":[108],"ruled":[109],"that":[110],"evidence":[111],"taken":[112],"from":[113],"methods":[117],"inadmissible":[119],"court.":[121],"There":[122],"an":[124],"urgent":[125],"need":[126],"develop":[128],"which":[130,185],"can":[131],"accuracy":[134,211],"while":[135],"providing":[136],"necessary":[138],"transparency.":[139],"One":[140],"way":[141],"alleviate":[143],"through":[147],"social":[151,175],"signal":[152,176],"processing":[153,177],"add":[155],"a":[156,174,192,204],"layer":[157],"development":[162],"transparent":[164],"task.":[168],"To":[169],"end,":[171],"we":[172],"present":[173],"model":[178,202],"prediction":[184],"trained":[188],"validated":[190],"novel":[193],"dataset":[194],"manually":[196],"annotated":[197],"videos.":[199],"The":[200],"resulting":[201],"provides":[203],"degree":[206],"achieves":[210],"comparable":[212],"current":[214],"state":[215],"art":[218],"methods.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
