{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204203657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196448","title":"Motor Synergies Measurement Reveals the Relevant Role of Variability in Reward-Based Learning","display_name":"Motor Synergies Measurement Reveals the Relevant Role of Variability in Reward-Based Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204203657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196448","mag":"3204203657","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34640764"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21196448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196448","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6448/pdf?version=1632738133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6448/pdf?version=1632738133","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081996592","display_name":"Carla Caballero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7624-232X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111262870","display_name":"Universitat de Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez d'Elx","ror":"https://ror.org/01azzms13","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carla Caballero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sport Sciences Department, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7624-232X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sport Sciences Department, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100738860","display_name":"Francisco Javier Moreno Hern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2520-892X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111262870","display_name":"Universitat de Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez d'Elx","ror":"https://ror.org/01azzms13","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francisco J. Moreno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sport Sciences Department, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2520-892X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sport Sciences Department, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014953339","display_name":"David Barbado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4314-9185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111262870","display_name":"Universitat de Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez d'Elx","ror":"https://ror.org/01azzms13","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Barbado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sport Sciences Department, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4314-9185","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sport Sciences Department, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100738860"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111262870"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.6538,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72934537,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"19","first_page":"6448","last_page":"6448"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11431","display_name":"Action Observation and Synchronization","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11431","display_name":"Action Observation and Synchronization","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-learning","display_name":"Motor learning","score":0.6342935562133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5871515274047852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detrended-fluctuation-analysis","display_name":"Detrended fluctuation analysis","score":0.5857092142105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-skill","display_name":"Motor skill","score":0.5559551119804382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4670366942882538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39311015605926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.33696913719177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3248351812362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21322211623191833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.1932242512702942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13231679797172546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.10342800617218018}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107690735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852461","display_name":"Motor learning","level":2,"score":0.6342935562133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5871515274047852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21689155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2451452","display_name":"Detrended fluctuation analysis","level":3,"score":0.5857092142105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169976356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13208902","display_name":"Motor skill","level":2,"score":0.5559551119804382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4670366942882538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39311015605926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.33696913719177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3248351812362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21322211623191833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.1932242512702942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13231679797172546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.10342800617218018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21196448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196448","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6448/pdf?version=1632738133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34640764","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34640764","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1ec710df02354a95800b128480c3c5a5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1ec710df02354a95800b128480c3c5a5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 19, p 6448 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/19/6448/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 19; Pages: 6448","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8513037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8513037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21196448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196448","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/19/6448/pdf?version=1632738133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8717647732","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DEP2016-79395P","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326262","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326262","display_name":"Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","ror":"https://ror.org/03sv46s19"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3204203657.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3204203657.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W93961668","https://openalex.org/W1972782666","https://openalex.org/W1972993890","https://openalex.org/W1983737463","https://openalex.org/W1988596442","https://openalex.org/W1990005421","https://openalex.org/W1998497005","https://openalex.org/W2008476340","https://openalex.org/W2009444068","https://openalex.org/W2020911509","https://openalex.org/W2021150169","https://openalex.org/W2021742495","https://openalex.org/W2023203889","https://openalex.org/W2045184136","https://openalex.org/W2049086440","https://openalex.org/W2069974787","https://openalex.org/W2072863238","https://openalex.org/W2081056724","https://openalex.org/W2093356961","https://openalex.org/W2103297114","https://openalex.org/W2108919722","https://openalex.org/W2110123411","https://openalex.org/W2121162869","https://openalex.org/W2130794913","https://openalex.org/W2156835755","https://openalex.org/W2158456734","https://openalex.org/W2221831393","https://openalex.org/W2576690259","https://openalex.org/W2593477571","https://openalex.org/W2601534506","https://openalex.org/W2736940878","https://openalex.org/W2752397589","https://openalex.org/W2789979850","https://openalex.org/W2795186671","https://openalex.org/W4233699645","https://openalex.org/W4246438230","https://openalex.org/W6678081841","https://openalex.org/W7061576102"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308126387","https://openalex.org/W1970523025","https://openalex.org/W2801972429","https://openalex.org/W4211075255","https://openalex.org/W2013588380","https://openalex.org/W3185285019","https://openalex.org/W2071080072","https://openalex.org/W2318314916","https://openalex.org/W4395007191","https://openalex.org/W2368697114"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Currently,":[0],"it":[1],"is":[2,9],"not":[3,141],"fully":[4],"understood":[5],"how":[6],"motor":[7,14,32,36,41,114,159,178],"variability":[8,33,37,107,116,120,179],"regulated":[10],"to":[11,23,77,82,91,162,190],"ease":[12],"of":[13,31,157,176,184],"learning":[15,46,103,147,170,187],"processes":[16],"during":[17,171],"reward-based":[18,50,97,172],"tasks.":[19,173],"This":[20],"study":[21],"aimed":[22],"assess":[24],"the":[25,35,40,45,146,164,177,185],"potential":[26],"relationship":[27,144],"between":[28],"different":[29],"dimensions":[30],"(i.e.,":[34],"structure":[38,108],"and":[39,44,72,113,118],"synergies":[42,180],"variability)":[43],"rate":[47],"in":[48,58,94],"a":[49,54,59,65,67,70,79,84,87,92,95,154],"task":[51,165],"developed":[52],"using":[53,86],"two-axis":[55],"force":[56,105],"sensor":[57],"computer":[60],"environment.":[61],"Forty-four":[62],"participants":[63],"performed":[64],"pretest,":[66],"training":[68],"period,":[69],"posttest,":[71],"three":[73],"retests.":[74],"They":[75],"had":[76],"release":[78],"virtual":[80],"ball":[81],"hit":[83],"target":[85],"vertical":[88],"handle":[89],"attached":[90],"dynamometer":[93],"computer-simulated":[96],"task.":[98],"The":[99,174],"participants'":[100],"throwing":[101],"performance,":[102],"ratio,":[104,121],"applied,":[106],"(detrended":[109],"fluctuation":[110],"analysis,":[111],"DFA),":[112],"synergy":[115,160],"(good":[117],"bad":[119],"GV/BV)":[122],"were":[123],"calculated.":[124],"Participants":[125],"with":[126,136,145],"higher":[127],"initial":[128],"GV/BV":[129],"displayed":[130],"greater":[131],"performance":[132],"improvements":[133],"than":[134],"those":[135],"lower":[137],"GV/BV.":[138],"DFA":[139],"did":[140],"show":[142],"any":[143],"ratio.":[148],"These":[149],"results":[150],"suggest":[151],"that":[152],"exploring":[153],"broader":[155],"range":[156],"successful":[158],"combinations":[161],"achieve":[163],"goal":[166],"can":[167],"facilitate":[168],"further":[169],"evolution":[175],"as":[181],"an":[182],"index":[183],"individuals'":[186],"stages":[188],"seems":[189],"be":[191],"supported":[192],"by":[193],"our":[194],"study.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T13:55:30.953635","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
