{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3200363793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21186141","title":"An Artificial-Intelligence-Driven Predictive Model for Surface Defect Detections in Medical MEMS","display_name":"An Artificial-Intelligence-Driven Predictive Model for Surface Defect Detections in Medical MEMS","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3200363793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21186141","mag":"3200363793","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34577348"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21186141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21186141","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/18/6141/pdf?version=1631602139","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/18/6141/pdf?version=1631602139","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056172691","display_name":"Amin Amini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7081-2440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","display_name":"Brunel University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amin Amini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brunel Innovation Centre, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7081-2440","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brunel Innovation Centre, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028027617","display_name":"Jamil Kanfoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7839-0457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","display_name":"Brunel University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamil Kanfoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brunel Innovation Centre, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brunel Innovation Centre, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008177959","display_name":"Tat\u2010Hean Gan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5598-8453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","display_name":"Brunel University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tat-Hean Gan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brunel Innovation Centre, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5598-8453","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brunel Innovation Centre, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008177959"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.2091,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82765551,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"18","first_page":"6141","last_page":"6141"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13049","display_name":"Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.97079998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microelectromechanical-systems","display_name":"Microelectromechanical systems","score":0.8046673536300659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wafer","display_name":"Wafer","score":0.6604228615760803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/miniaturization","display_name":"Miniaturization","score":0.6518568992614746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6401700377464294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.523561418056488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronics","display_name":"Electronics","score":0.448905885219574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-vision","display_name":"Machine vision","score":0.43515336513519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.41501715779304504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2846313416957855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.24501654505729675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.18116259574890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1259758472442627}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37977207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175561","display_name":"Microelectromechanical systems","level":2,"score":0.8046673536300659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160671074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267131","display_name":"Wafer","level":2,"score":0.6604228615760803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57528182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1271842","display_name":"Miniaturization","level":2,"score":0.6518568992614746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6401700377464294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.523561418056488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138331895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronics","level":2,"score":0.448905885219574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5339829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425977","display_name":"Machine vision","level":2,"score":0.43515336513519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41501715779304504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2846313416957855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.24501654505729675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.18116259574890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1259758472442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007360","descriptor_name":"Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007360","descriptor_name":"Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007360","descriptor_name":"Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055617","descriptor_name":"Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055617","descriptor_name":"Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055617","descriptor_name":"Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21186141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21186141","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/18/6141/pdf?version=1631602139","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34577348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34577348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:bura.brunel.ac.uk:2438/23230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/23230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401473","display_name":"Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","host_organization_name":"Brunel University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4969d702a2fd49459a236286bb92443a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4969d702a2fd49459a236286bb92443a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 18, p 6141 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:7364448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8473149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/18/6141/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 18; Pages: 6141","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8473149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8473149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21186141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21186141","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/18/6141/pdf?version=1631602139","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1333385531","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"s HORIZON 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1795127925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"768883","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4536400527","display_name":"A Complimentary Inspection Technique based on Computer Tomography and Plenoptic Camera for MEMS Components","funder_award_id":"768883","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200363793.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200363793.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W83593200","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2013927912","https://openalex.org/W2057136821","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2511127197","https://openalex.org/W2522188972","https://openalex.org/W2566743442","https://openalex.org/W2566962672","https://openalex.org/W2798589477","https://openalex.org/W2807520932","https://openalex.org/W2884563051","https://openalex.org/W2904870462","https://openalex.org/W2913953110","https://openalex.org/W2920311927","https://openalex.org/W2940215225","https://openalex.org/W2981182119","https://openalex.org/W2991882692","https://openalex.org/W2997442117","https://openalex.org/W3004330853","https://openalex.org/W3021430555","https://openalex.org/W3023192521","https://openalex.org/W3098844351","https://openalex.org/W3099620610","https://openalex.org/W3111544438","https://openalex.org/W3124804470","https://openalex.org/W3134175771","https://openalex.org/W3137061779","https://openalex.org/W3159414086","https://openalex.org/W6759305755"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348807422","https://openalex.org/W2361025757","https://openalex.org/W2050837474","https://openalex.org/W4241592276","https://openalex.org/W2926730772","https://openalex.org/W2055226196","https://openalex.org/W2089788581","https://openalex.org/W2168428136","https://openalex.org/W3211085399","https://openalex.org/W2016811987"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,8,23,31,44,53,69,117],"advancement":[2],"of":[3,10,25,34,56,96,100,116,138,152],"miniaturization":[4],"in":[5,14,41,52,68],"electronics":[6],"and":[7,20,29,48,78,127],"ubiquity":[9],"micro-electro-mechanical":[11],"systems":[12],"(MEMS)":[13],"different":[15],"applications":[16],"including":[17,164],"computing,":[18],"sensing":[19],"medical":[21],"apparatus,":[22],"importance":[24],"increasing":[26],"production":[27,58,118],"yields":[28],"ensuring":[30],"quality":[32],"standard":[33],"products":[35],"has":[36,59],"become":[37],"an":[38,84,135],"important":[39],"focus":[40],"manufacturing.":[42],"Hence,":[43],"need":[45],"for":[46,143,155],"high-accuracy":[47],"automatic":[49],"defect":[50,70,146],"detection":[51,71],"early":[54],"phases":[55],"MEMS":[57,101,125],"been":[60],"recognized.":[61],"This":[62,81],"not":[63],"only":[64],"eliminates":[65],"human":[66],"interaction":[67],"process,":[72],"but":[73],"also":[74],"saves":[75],"raw":[76],"material":[77],"labor":[79],"required.":[80],"research":[82],"developed":[83,108,132],"automated":[85],"defects":[86,99,121],"recognition":[87],"(ADR)":[88],"system":[89,133],"using":[90,103],"a":[91,104,149],"unique":[92],"plenoptic":[93],"camera":[94],"capable":[95],"detecting":[97,120],"surface":[98],"wafers":[102],"machine-learning":[105],"approach.":[106],"The":[107,131],"algorithm":[109],"could":[110],"be":[111],"applied":[112],"at":[113,122],"any":[114],"stage":[115],"process":[119],"both":[123],"entire":[124],"wafer":[126],"single":[128],"component":[129],"scale.":[130],"showed":[134],"F1":[136],"score":[137],"0.81":[139],"U":[140],"on":[141,159],"average":[142],"true":[144],"positive":[145],"detection,":[147],"with":[148],"processing":[150],"time":[151],"18":[153],"s":[154],"each":[156],"image":[157],"based":[158],"6":[160],"validation":[161],"sample":[162],"images":[163],"371":[165],"labels.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
