{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3195165460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21175759","title":"A Novel Method for Online Extraction of Small-Angle Scattering Pulse Signals from Particles Based on Variable Forgetting Factor RLS Algorithm","display_name":"A Novel Method for Online Extraction of Small-Angle Scattering Pulse Signals from Particles Based on Variable Forgetting Factor RLS Algorithm","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3195165460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21175759","mag":"3195165460","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34502650"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21175759","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21175759","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/17/5759/pdf?version=1630292749","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/17/5759/pdf?version=1630292749","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036297847","display_name":"Rongrui Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131919","display_name":"Xi'an University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038avdt50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongrui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Lidar Remote Sensing Research, School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China","Centre for Lidar Remote Sensing Research, School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Lidar Remote Sensing Research, School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Lidar Remote Sensing Research, School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102047228","display_name":"Heng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1093-7386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131919","display_name":"Xi'an University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038avdt50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Lidar Remote Sensing Research, School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China","Centre for Lidar Remote Sensing Research, School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Lidar Remote Sensing Research, School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Lidar Remote Sensing Research, School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102047228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.7674,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68719844,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"17","first_page":"5759","last_page":"5759"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.7136353254318237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.6279226541519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse","display_name":"Pulse (music)","score":0.537514865398407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5261399745941162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","score":0.4737173914909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4504198133945465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.44458478689193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-scattering","display_name":"Light scattering","score":0.42571085691452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recursive-least-squares-filter","display_name":"Recursive least squares filter","score":0.4121946096420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.40029576420783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-physics","display_name":"Computational physics","score":0.342534601688385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33136609196662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-filter","display_name":"Adaptive filter","score":0.2635868191719055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17445984482765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.15197506546974182}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.7136353254318237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6279226541519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.537514865398407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5261399745941162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.4737173914909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4504198133945465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.44458478689193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120456961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Light scattering","level":3,"score":0.42571085691452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145249878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835868","display_name":"Recursive least squares filter","level":3,"score":0.4121946096420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.40029576420783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.342534601688385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33136609196662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102248274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168388","display_name":"Adaptive filter","level":2,"score":0.2635868191719055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17445984482765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.15197506546974182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010316","descriptor_name":"Particle Size","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010316","descriptor_name":"Particle Size","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010316","descriptor_name":"Particle Size","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016018","descriptor_name":"Least-Squares Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016018","descriptor_name":"Least-Squares Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016018","descriptor_name":"Least-Squares Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21175759","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21175759","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/17/5759/pdf?version=1630292749","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34502650","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34502650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:810cce7008bf4cddb41987642e379fae","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/810cce7008bf4cddb41987642e379fae","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 17, p 5759 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/17/5759/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 17; Pages: 5759","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8434345","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8434345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21175759","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21175759","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/17/5759/pdf?version=1630292749","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3195165460.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3195165460.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964053153","https://openalex.org/W1979645072","https://openalex.org/W1986422001","https://openalex.org/W1992970622","https://openalex.org/W1993648480","https://openalex.org/W1994674397","https://openalex.org/W2010954562","https://openalex.org/W2016893249","https://openalex.org/W2020993849","https://openalex.org/W2034556684","https://openalex.org/W2039569176","https://openalex.org/W2050332408","https://openalex.org/W2054463619","https://openalex.org/W2056615320","https://openalex.org/W2057469611","https://openalex.org/W2072523636","https://openalex.org/W2079844545","https://openalex.org/W2093394087","https://openalex.org/W2106297219","https://openalex.org/W2113661696","https://openalex.org/W2125945227","https://openalex.org/W2126491786","https://openalex.org/W2147130636","https://openalex.org/W2148246129","https://openalex.org/W2162524353","https://openalex.org/W2166106181","https://openalex.org/W2170312047","https://openalex.org/W2201863754","https://openalex.org/W2516232829","https://openalex.org/W2551181965","https://openalex.org/W2610873673","https://openalex.org/W2900191042","https://openalex.org/W2912406262","https://openalex.org/W3004910756","https://openalex.org/W3009822251","https://openalex.org/W3016603561","https://openalex.org/W3021690023","https://openalex.org/W3037242982","https://openalex.org/W3091418280","https://openalex.org/W3094576863","https://openalex.org/W3112720982","https://openalex.org/W3118313511","https://openalex.org/W3139847728","https://openalex.org/W6648399234","https://openalex.org/W6670382649"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014038144","https://openalex.org/W2134577297","https://openalex.org/W2356110154","https://openalex.org/W2370491990","https://openalex.org/W2138794354","https://openalex.org/W3192938236","https://openalex.org/W2349060020","https://openalex.org/W4242740646","https://openalex.org/W4254402015","https://openalex.org/W1525886636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,161],"small-angle":[1,56,68,89,144],"optical":[2],"particle":[3,29,137,159,180,195,227],"counter":[4],"(OPC)":[5],"can":[6,18,111,169],"detect":[7,27],"particles":[8,25,46,72,218],"with":[9,157,200],"strong":[10],"light":[11,119,133,174],"absorption.":[12],"At":[13],"the":[14,20,23,28,37,40,51,55,67,77,85,88,102,106,113,117,125,141,165,179,184,194,203,209,212,223,239,245,248],"same":[15],"time,":[16],"it":[17],"ignore":[19],"properties":[21],"of":[22,39,44,54,71,87,202,211,217,225,241,250],"detected":[24],"and":[26,32,121,135,175,189,192,222],"size":[30],"singly":[31],"more":[33],"accurately.":[34],"Reasonably":[35],"improving":[36,50],"resolution":[38,210],"low":[41],"pulse":[42,128,146,196,206,215],"signal":[43,115,120,182,197,216],"fine":[45],"is":[47,73,98,219,254],"key":[48],"to":[49,100,124,131],"detection":[52,181],"accuracy":[53],"OPC.":[57],"In":[58],"this":[59],"paper,":[60],"a":[61,92,153,231,235],"new":[62],"adaptive":[63],"filtering":[64,142],"method":[65],"for":[66],"scattering":[69,90,114,145,205,214,228,252],"signals":[70],"proposed":[74,166],"based":[75],"on":[76,247],"recursive":[78],"least":[79],"squares":[80],"(RLS)":[81],"algorithm.":[82,109],"By":[83],"analyzing":[84],"characteristics":[86],"signals,":[91],"variable":[93],"forgetting":[94,103],"factor":[95,104],"(VFF)":[96],"strategy":[97],"introduced":[99],"optimize":[101],"in":[105,127,152,244],"traditional":[107,204],"RLS":[108],"It":[110],"distinguish":[112],"from":[116],"stray":[118,173],"dynamically":[122],"adapt":[123],"change":[126],"amplitude":[129],"according":[130],"different":[132,136,158],"absorptions":[134],"sizes.":[138],"To":[139],"verify":[140],"effect,":[143],"extraction":[147,207,224],"experiments":[148,162],"were":[149],"carried":[150],"out":[151],"simulated":[154],"smoke":[155],"box":[156],"properties.":[160],"show":[163],"that":[164,201],"VFF-RLS":[167],"algorithm":[168,185,246],"effectively":[170],"suppress":[171],"system":[172],"background":[176],"noise.":[177],"When":[178],"appears,":[183],"has":[186,234],"fast":[187],"convergence":[188],"tracking":[190],"speed":[191],"highlights":[193],"well.":[198],"Compared":[199],"method,":[208],"processed":[213],"greatly":[220],"improved,":[221],"weak":[226],"pulses":[229,253],"at":[230],"small":[232],"angle":[233],"greater":[236],"advantage.":[237],"Finally,":[238],"effect":[240],"filter":[242],"order":[243],"results":[249],"extracting":[251],"discussed.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}