{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3193355393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165551","title":"Computer-Aided Diagnosis Algorithm for Classification of Malignant Melanoma Using Deep Neural Networks","display_name":"Computer-Aided Diagnosis Algorithm for Classification of Malignant Melanoma Using Deep Neural Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3193355393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165551","mag":"3193355393","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34450993"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21165551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165551","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/16/5551/pdf?version=1629282014","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/16/5551/pdf?version=1629282014","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000273814","display_name":"Chan-Il Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52010207","display_name":"Keimyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjv0s33","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan-Il Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078023672","display_name":"Seok-Min Hwang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52010207","display_name":"Keimyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjv0s33","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seok-Min Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064100825","display_name":"Eun-Bin Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9597-573X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52010207","display_name":"Keimyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00tjv0s33","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eun-Bin Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52010207"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089446774","display_name":"Chang\u2010Hee Won","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang-Hee Won","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100724653","display_name":"Jong-Ha Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6819-8816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Ha Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6819-8816","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100724653"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.8787,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88832231,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"16","first_page":"5551","last_page":"5551"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9674999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melanoma","display_name":"Melanoma","score":0.8234241008758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6997652053833008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.60442054271698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5964526534080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5433777570724487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5378960371017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5037614703178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4536359906196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.4304816722869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melanoma-diagnosis","display_name":"Melanoma diagnosis","score":0.4252907633781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lesion","display_name":"Lesion","score":0.41027602553367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.38514700531959534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.32560932636260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.20939311385154724}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777658100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180614","display_name":"Melanoma","level":2,"score":0.8234241008758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6997652053833008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.60442054271698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5964526534080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5433777570724487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5378960371017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5037614703178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4536359906196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.4304816722869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991914496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180614","display_name":"Melanoma diagnosis","level":3,"score":0.4252907633781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781156865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827023","display_name":"Lesion","level":2,"score":0.41027602553367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38514700531959534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32560932636260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.20939311385154724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008545","descriptor_name":"Melanoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008545","descriptor_name":"Melanoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008545","descriptor_name":"Melanoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D046169","descriptor_name":"Dermoscopy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D046169","descriptor_name":"Dermoscopy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D046169","descriptor_name":"Dermoscopy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21165551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165551","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/16/5551/pdf?version=1629282014","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34450993","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34450993","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8d6d5efc38884625a5d00b1e365c3f84","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8d6d5efc38884625a5d00b1e365c3f84","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 16, p 5551 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/16/5551/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 16; Pages: 5551","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8400855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8400855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21165551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165551","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/16/5551/pdf?version=1629282014","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3193355393.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3193355393.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W638775470","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2062227835","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2124537004","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2180648740","https://openalex.org/W2343613290","https://openalex.org/W2399625966","https://openalex.org/W2428965527","https://openalex.org/W2550446853","https://openalex.org/W2592160412","https://openalex.org/W2623166637","https://openalex.org/W2781338603","https://openalex.org/W2884436604","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2952339589","https://openalex.org/W2963059730","https://openalex.org/W2963946669","https://openalex.org/W4246858748","https://openalex.org/W6712165758"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W4399254932","https://openalex.org/W2413693463"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Malignant":[0],"melanoma":[1,53,99,136],"accounts":[2],"for":[3,48],"about":[4],"1-3%":[5],"of":[6,51,78,123,134,160],"all":[7],"malignancies":[8],"in":[9,13,89],"the":[10,14,49,127,142],"West,":[11],"especially":[12],"United":[15],"States.":[16],"More":[17],"than":[18],"9000":[19],"people":[20],"die":[21],"each":[22],"year.":[23],"In":[24,37],"general,":[25],"it":[26],"is":[27,146],"difficult":[28],"to":[29,85,96,126,148,156],"characterize":[30],"a":[31,35,42,69,75,119,140,152],"skin":[32,56,61,87,104],"lesion":[33,71,105],"from":[34,58,111],"photograph.":[36],"this":[38],"paper,":[39],"we":[40],"propose":[41],"deep":[43,65],"learning-based":[44],"computer-aided":[45,153],"diagnostic":[46,154],"algorithm":[47,95,145,155],"classification":[50,76,132],"malignant":[52,79,98,135,161],"and":[54,74,100,107],"benign":[55,101],"tumors":[57,102],"RGB":[59],"channel":[60],"images.":[62,91],"The":[63,115,131],"proposed":[64,143],"learning":[66],"model":[67,73,77,117],"constitutes":[68],"tumor":[70],"segmentation":[72],"melanoma.":[80,162],"First,":[81],"U-Net":[82,116],"was":[83],"used":[84],"classify":[86,97],"lesions":[88],"dermoscopy":[90],"We":[92],"implement":[93],"an":[94],"using":[103],"images":[106],"expert":[108,128],"labeling":[109,129],"results":[110],"convolutional":[112],"neural":[113],"networks.":[114],"achieved":[118],"dice":[120],"similarity":[121],"coefficient":[122],"81.1%":[124],"compared":[125],"results.":[130],"accuracy":[133],"reached":[137],"80.06%.":[138],"As":[139],"result,":[141],"AI":[144],"expected":[147],"be":[149],"utilized":[150],"as":[151],"help":[157],"early":[158],"detection":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}