{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3188588035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165360","title":"Detecting Facial Region and Landmarks at Once via Deep Network","display_name":"Detecting Facial Region and Landmarks at Once via Deep Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3188588035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165360","mag":"3188588035","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34450804"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21165360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165360","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/16/5360/pdf?version=1628501929","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/16/5360/pdf?version=1628501929","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420782","display_name":"Tae-Hyung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-0819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taehyung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI & Informatics, Graduate School, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI & Informatics, Graduate School, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112671990","display_name":"Jiwon Mok","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiwon Mok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI & Informatics, Graduate School, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI & Informatics, Graduate School, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025004236","display_name":"Eui Chul Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6504-3333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Euichul Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025004236"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.5819,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68398457,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"16","first_page":"5360","last_page":"5360"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.9535942077636719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8218830227851868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7885914444923401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.7789320945739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.6972122192382812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6838938593864441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5928378701210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.569078266620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5687594413757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5642806887626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.330985426902771}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.9535942077636719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8218830227851868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7885914444923401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.7789320945739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.6972122192382812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6838938593864441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5928378701210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.569078266620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5687594413757324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5642806887626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.330985426902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000079803","descriptor_name":"Data Management","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000079803","descriptor_name":"Data Management","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000079803","descriptor_name":"Data Management","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21165360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165360","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/16/5360/pdf?version=1628501929","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34450804","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34450804","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3437c957266d4400b20f3f1a1b0e872d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3437c957266d4400b20f3f1a1b0e872d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 16, p 5360 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/16/5360/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 16; Pages: 5360","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8401714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8401714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21165360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165360","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/16/5360/pdf?version=1628501929","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7060537804","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2019R1A2C4070681","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3188588035.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3188588035.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1796263212","https://openalex.org/W1896424170","https://openalex.org/W1963599662","https://openalex.org/W1998808035","https://openalex.org/W2047508432","https://openalex.org/W2079835969","https://openalex.org/W2101866605","https://openalex.org/W2111372597","https://openalex.org/W2130563197","https://openalex.org/W2146566773","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2157285372","https://openalex.org/W2163808566","https://openalex.org/W2166694921","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2284800790","https://openalex.org/W2492950266","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2799930024","https://openalex.org/W2901831858","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2964014798","https://openalex.org/W3094545750","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3122663073","https://openalex.org/W3128729865","https://openalex.org/W3137208724","https://openalex.org/W6641044740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2336272890","https://openalex.org/W4308999381","https://openalex.org/W4312238398","https://openalex.org/W3211418293","https://openalex.org/W4308999963","https://openalex.org/W3204852000","https://openalex.org/W2964095005","https://openalex.org/W4312081214","https://openalex.org/W4285815683","https://openalex.org/W2901758161"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"accurate":[1],"and":[2,56,85,89,96,115,146,173],"fast":[3],"detection":[4,14,19,25,34,40,63,71,83,152,168],"of":[5,78,130,150,159,184,194],"facial":[6,12,17,124],"landmarks,":[7],"we":[8,45],"propose":[9,46],"a":[10,23,47,53,57,80,157,182],"new":[11],"landmark":[13,18,28,33,58,66],"method.":[15],"Previous":[16],"models":[20],"generally":[21],"perform":[22],"face":[24,39,54,62,151],"step":[26,64],"before":[27,65],"detection.":[29,67],"This":[30],"greatly":[31],"affects":[32],"performance":[35,172],"depending":[36],"on":[37,75],"which":[38,189,208],"model":[41,48,72,133,169],"is":[42,73],"used.":[43],"Therefore,":[44],"that":[49,165],"can":[50],"simultaneously":[51],"detect":[52],"region":[55],"without":[59],"performing":[60],"the":[61,76,86,99,108,131,147,160,166,176,186,198,201],"The":[68,117,126,137],"proposed":[69,132,199],"single-shot":[70,167],"based":[74],"framework":[77],"YOLOv3,":[79],"one-stage":[81],"object":[82],"method,":[84,200],"loss":[87],"function":[88],"structure":[90],"are":[91],"altered":[92],"to":[93,111,196,212],"learn":[94],"faces":[95],"landmarks":[97,192],"at":[98],"same":[100],"time.":[101],"In":[102,179],"addition,":[103,180],"EfficientNet-B0":[104],"was":[105,134,142,153,163,205,209],"utilized":[106],"as":[107,181],"backbone":[109],"network":[110],"increase":[112],"processing":[113,138],"speed":[114,174],"accuracy.":[116],"learned":[118],"database":[119],"used":[120],"300W-LP":[121],"with":[122],"64":[123,195],"landmarks.":[125],"average":[127,148,202],"normalized":[128],"error":[129,204],"2.32":[135],"pixels.":[136],"time":[139],"per":[140],"frame":[141],"about":[143,154],"15":[144],"milliseconds,":[145],"precision":[149],"99%.":[155],"As":[156],"result":[158,183],"evaluation,":[161],"it":[162],"confirmed":[164,211],"has":[170,190],"better":[171],"than":[175],"previous":[177],"methods.":[178],"using":[185],"COFW":[187],"database,":[188],"29":[191],"instead":[193],"verify":[197],"normalization":[203],"2.56":[206],"pixels,":[207],"also":[210],"show":[213],"promising":[214],"performance.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
