{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3183633970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155068","title":"A Study of Deep Learning-Based Face Recognition Models for Sibling Identification","display_name":"A Study of Deep Learning-Based Face Recognition Models for Sibling Identification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3183633970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155068","mag":"3183633970","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34372306"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21155068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155068","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/15/5068/pdf?version=1627371562","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/15/5068/pdf?version=1627371562","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087711329","display_name":"Rita Goel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5290-686X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rita Goel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Visual Computing, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Visual Computing, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039355175","display_name":"Irfan Mehmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7864-957X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irfan Mehmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Visual Computing, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Visual Computing, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083781406","display_name":"Hassan Ugail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3084-1797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Ugail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Visual Computing, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3084-1797","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Visual Computing, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083781406"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.2973,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93623408,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"15","first_page":"5068","last_page":"5068"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.965499997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8124061822891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7426842451095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.7220615744590759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6077240705490112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5511531233787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5400927662849426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4626401960849762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.43809089064598083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forehead","display_name":"Forehead","score":0.43252843618392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosine-similarity","display_name":"Cosine similarity","score":0.42364758253097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34758707880973816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.17238590121269226}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8124061822891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7426842451095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.7220615744590759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6077240705490112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5511531233787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5400927662849426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4626401960849762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.43809089064598083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780446394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41055","display_name":"Forehead","level":2,"score":0.43252843618392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780762811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784941","display_name":"Cosine similarity","level":3,"score":0.42364758253097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34758707880973816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.17238590121269226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000066499","descriptor_name":"Facial Recognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000066499","descriptor_name":"Facial Recognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000066499","descriptor_name":"Facial Recognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035781","descriptor_name":"Siblings","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035781","descriptor_name":"Siblings","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035781","descriptor_name":"Siblings","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21155068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155068","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/15/5068/pdf?version=1627371562","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34372306","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34372306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:bradscholars.brad.ac.uk:10454/18807","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401846","display_name":"Bradford Scholars (University of Bradford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","host_organization_name":"University of Bradford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bradscholars.brad.ac.uk:10454/18807.2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/handle/10454/18807.2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401846","display_name":"Bradford Scholars (University of Bradford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","host_organization_name":"University of Bradford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Published version"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1cb741fdabd147d6b014a6b7d2d9f120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1cb741fdabd147d6b014a6b7d2d9f120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 15, p 5068 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/15/5068/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 15; Pages: 5068","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8347212","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8347212","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21155068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155068","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/15/5068/pdf?version=1627371562","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5400000214576721},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3183633970.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67835159","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2123619251","https://openalex.org/W2229405811","https://openalex.org/W2520903215","https://openalex.org/W2555373976","https://openalex.org/W2612927390","https://openalex.org/W2737022104","https://openalex.org/W2741584616","https://openalex.org/W2745865410","https://openalex.org/W2754577596","https://openalex.org/W2773972825","https://openalex.org/W2797558164","https://openalex.org/W2807234793","https://openalex.org/W2807351792","https://openalex.org/W2916251871","https://openalex.org/W2937359331","https://openalex.org/W2939164430","https://openalex.org/W2940931619","https://openalex.org/W2963940609","https://openalex.org/W2972996383","https://openalex.org/W2980642884","https://openalex.org/W2989278094","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W3009667069","https://openalex.org/W3012672457","https://openalex.org/W3012957270","https://openalex.org/W3036295637","https://openalex.org/W3039317552","https://openalex.org/W3044704790","https://openalex.org/W3091074842","https://openalex.org/W3105535737","https://openalex.org/W3118457286","https://openalex.org/W3128995473","https://openalex.org/W3133272635","https://openalex.org/W3138690211","https://openalex.org/W3139224922","https://openalex.org/W6774975071"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389818373","https://openalex.org/W4396220545","https://openalex.org/W2220831889","https://openalex.org/W4312683641","https://openalex.org/W3027421045","https://openalex.org/W2576320324","https://openalex.org/W3013312691","https://openalex.org/W2980386803","https://openalex.org/W3215994059","https://openalex.org/W2319823519"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"identification":[1],"of":[2,15,19,24,33,69,114,124,143,153,164,202],"siblings":[3,172],"through":[4],"face":[5,37,179,185],"recognition":[6,38],"is":[7,12,189,193],"a":[8],"challenging":[9],"task.":[10],"This":[11],"predominantly":[13],"because":[14],"the":[16,22,31,72,78,109,115,154,162,165,175,184,197,218,225,232,240,246],"high":[17],"degree":[18],"similarities":[20],"among":[21],"faces":[23,48],"siblings.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27,58,210],"study,":[28],"we":[29],"investigate":[30],"use":[32],"state-of-the-art":[34],"deep":[35,80,167],"learning":[36,81,168],"models":[39,55,169,242,250],"to":[40,101,170],"evaluate":[41],"their":[42,106],"capacity":[43],"for":[44,57,105,112,137,228,243],"discrimination":[45],"between":[46],"sibling":[47,144],"using":[49,77,129,148,245],"various":[50],"similarity":[51,85,116],"indices.":[52],"The":[53,118,157],"specific":[54],"examined":[56],"purpose":[59],"are":[60,99,127,146,220,238,256],"FaceNet,":[61],"VGGFace,":[62],"VGG16,":[63],"and":[64,96,121,141,177,199,236],"VGG19.":[65],"For":[66],"each":[67,113,125],"pair":[68],"images":[70,103],"provided,":[71],"embeddings":[73],"have":[74],"been":[75],"calculated":[76,128],"chosen":[79,166],"model.":[82],"Five":[83],"standard":[84,130],"measures,":[86],"namely,":[87],"cosine":[88],"similarity,":[89,93],"Euclidean":[90],"distance,":[91,95,98],"structured":[92],"Manhattan":[94],"Minkowski":[97],"used":[100],"classify":[102],"looking":[104],"identity":[107],"on":[108,174,183,231],"threshold":[110],"defined":[111],"measures.":[117],"accuracy,":[119],"precision,":[120],"misclassification":[122],"rate":[123],"model":[126],"confusion":[131],"matrices.":[132],"Four":[133],"different":[134],"experimental":[135,158],"datasets":[136],"full-frontal-face,":[138],"eyes,":[139,247],"nose,":[140],"forehead":[142],"pairs":[145],"constructed":[147],"publicly":[149],"available":[150],"HQf":[151],"subset":[152],"SiblingDB":[155],"database.":[156],"results":[159,253],"show":[160],"that":[161,191],"accuracy":[163,201,214],"distinguish":[171],"based":[173,182,230],"full-frontal-face":[176,198],"cropped":[178],"areas":[180],"vary":[181],"area":[186],"compared.":[187,257],"It":[188],"observed":[190],"VGGFace":[192],"best":[194,226,241],"while":[195,222],"comparing":[196],"eyes-the":[200],"classification":[203,229,244],"being":[204],"with":[205],"more":[206],"than":[207],"95%":[208],"in":[209],"case.":[211],"However,":[212],"its":[213],"degrades":[215],"significantly":[216],"when":[217,254],"noses":[219],"compared,":[221],"FaceNet":[223],"provides":[224],"result":[227],"nose.":[233],"Similarly,":[234],"VGG16":[235],"VGG19":[237],"not":[239],"but":[248],"these":[249],"provide":[251],"favorable":[252],"foreheads":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}