{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3186829549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144880","title":"Investigation of the Wind-Induced Airflow Pattern Near the Thies LPM Precipitation Gauge","display_name":"Investigation of the Wind-Induced Airflow Pattern Near the Thies LPM Precipitation Gauge","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3186829549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144880","mag":"3186829549","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34300618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21144880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144880","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/14/4880/pdf?version=1626663382","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/14/4880/pdf?version=1626663382","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023008500","display_name":"Enrico Chinchella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8665-9193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrico Chinchella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050610305","display_name":"Arianna Cauteruccio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7931-172X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arianna Cauteruccio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7931-172X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046311266","display_name":"Mattia Stagnaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4661-7677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mattia Stagnaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4661-7677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071603771","display_name":"Luca G. Lanza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5874-0357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luca G. Lanza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy","WMO/CIMO Lead Centre \u201cB. Castelli\u201d on Precipitation Intensity, 16145 Genova, Italy","WMO/CIMO Lead Centre \"B. Castelli\" on Precipitation Intensity, 16145 Genova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5874-0357","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"WMO/CIMO Lead Centre \u201cB. Castelli\u201d on Precipitation Intensity, 16145 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"WMO/CIMO Lead Centre \"B. Castelli\" on Precipitation Intensity, 16145 Genova, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071603771"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.9298,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85129641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"14","first_page":"4880","last_page":"4880"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10360","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/airflow","display_name":"Airflow","score":0.8570712804794312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-tunnel","display_name":"Wind tunnel","score":0.7230916619300842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence","display_name":"Turbulence","score":0.7216269373893738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-fluid-dynamics","display_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","score":0.6560701727867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.5580590963363647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.5371540188789368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.5263843536376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-shear","display_name":"Wind shear","score":0.48867467045783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clear-air-turbulence","display_name":"Clear-air turbulence","score":0.48165929317474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rain-gauge","display_name":"Rain gauge","score":0.4713313579559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gauge","display_name":"Gauge (firearms)","score":0.4665524661540985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-direction","display_name":"Wind direction","score":0.43052610754966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.41458308696746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3612362742424011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.30444079637527466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25824981927871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.11797225475311279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10313999652862549}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116067010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4698686","display_name":"Airflow","level":2,"score":0.8570712804794312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100086909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193010","display_name":"Wind tunnel","level":2,"score":0.7230916619300842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.7216269373893738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1633027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815820","display_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","level":2,"score":0.6560701727867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.5580590963363647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.5371540188789368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5263843536376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135558025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027878","display_name":"Wind shear","level":3,"score":0.48867467045783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23379533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1099481","display_name":"Clear-air turbulence","level":3,"score":0.48165929317474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120961793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190052","display_name":"Rain gauge","level":3,"score":0.4713313579559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40976572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330873","display_name":"Gauge (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.4665524661540985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107775477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057900","display_name":"Wind direction","level":3,"score":0.43052610754966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41458308696746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3612362742424011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.30444079637527466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25824981927871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11797225475311279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10313999652862549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21144880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144880","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/14/4880/pdf?version=1626663382","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34300618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34300618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6c406fa58b3a414c8bae09dcf5b27588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6c406fa58b3a414c8bae09dcf5b27588","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 14, p 4880 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unige.it:11567/1062078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11567/1062078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196291","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","host_organization_name":"University of Genoa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/14/4880/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 14; Pages: 4880","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8309716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8309716","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21144880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144880","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/14/4880/pdf?version=1626663382","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1501195786","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18NRM03 \u2013 INCIPIT","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313458","funder_display_name":"European Association of National Metrology Institutes"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313458","display_name":"European Association of National Metrology Institutes","ror":"https://ror.org/03csrq586"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322754","display_name":"Kansainv\u00e4lisen Liikkuvuuden ja Yhteisty\u00f6n Keskus","ror":"https://ror.org/00wj0f678"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186829549.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186829549.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85597942","https://openalex.org/W323536346","https://openalex.org/W1834241163","https://openalex.org/W1838521264","https://openalex.org/W1876441126","https://openalex.org/W1971205713","https://openalex.org/W1974097079","https://openalex.org/W1981480030","https://openalex.org/W1993895054","https://openalex.org/W2046959675","https://openalex.org/W2055318909","https://openalex.org/W2096579754","https://openalex.org/W2133797271","https://openalex.org/W2171595452","https://openalex.org/W2177174169","https://openalex.org/W2790513282","https://openalex.org/W2891615880","https://openalex.org/W2897180390","https://openalex.org/W2902447514","https://openalex.org/W2958408600","https://openalex.org/W3035913342","https://openalex.org/W3087906110","https://openalex.org/W3105517164","https://openalex.org/W3111245142","https://openalex.org/W3125743245","https://openalex.org/W3165567339","https://openalex.org/W3175710087","https://openalex.org/W4251072771"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2327452253","https://openalex.org/W2082403003","https://openalex.org/W2014813120","https://openalex.org/W2088824124","https://openalex.org/W2366825330","https://openalex.org/W2499303878","https://openalex.org/W782267381","https://openalex.org/W2063477759","https://openalex.org/W827575742","https://openalex.org/W2085852549"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,32,52,76,133,151],"airflow":[1,77,117,135],"velocity":[2],"pattern":[3,65,78,136],"generated":[4,66,134],"by":[5,67],"a":[6,22,157,171],"widely":[7],"used":[8,110],"non-catching":[9,168],"precipitation":[10,15],"gauge":[11],"(the":[12],"Thies":[13],"laser":[14],"monitor":[16],"or":[17],"LPM)":[18],"when":[19,97],"immersed":[20],"in":[21,143,147],"wind":[23,49,86,99,149,176],"field":[24],"is":[25,45,128,137],"investigated":[26],"using":[27],"computational":[28],"fluid":[29],"dynamics":[30],"(CFD).":[31],"simulation":[33,154],"numerically":[34],"solves":[35],"the":[36,43,63,68,74,80,85,88,98,102,105,113,116,122,126,131,164,174],"unsteady":[37],"Reynolds-averaged":[38],"Navier-Stokes":[39],"(URANS)":[40],"equations":[41],"and":[42,93,178],"setup":[44],"validated":[46],"against":[47],"dedicated":[48],"tunnel":[50],"measurements.":[51],"adopted":[53],"k-\u03c9":[54],"shear":[55],"stress":[56],"transport":[57],"(SST)":[58],"turbulence":[59,94],"model":[60],"closely":[61],"reproduces":[62],"flow":[64,92],"complex,":[69],"non-axisymmetric":[70],"outer":[71],"geometry":[72],"of":[73,104,115,167,173],"instrument.":[75,106],"near":[79],"measuring":[81],"area":[82],"varies":[83],"with":[84,119],"direction,":[87],"most":[89],"intense":[90],"recirculating":[91],"being":[95],"observed":[96],"blows":[100],"from":[101],"back":[103],"Quantitative":[107],"parameters":[108],"are":[109],"to":[111,121,130,139,159],"discuss":[112],"magnitude":[114],"perturbations":[118],"respect":[120],"ideal":[123],"configuration":[124],"where":[125],"instrument":[127],"transparent":[129],"wind.":[132],"expected":[138],"induce":[140],"some":[141],"bias":[142,166],"operational":[144],"measurements,":[145],"especially":[146],"strong":[148],"conditions.":[150],"proposed":[152],"numerical":[153],"framework":[155],"provides":[156],"basis":[158],"develop":[160],"correction":[161],"curves":[162],"for":[163],"wind-induced":[165],"gauges,":[169],"as":[170],"function":[172],"undisturbed":[175],"speed":[177],"direction.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}