{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3184634080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144877","title":"Smart Beamforming for Direct LEO Satellite Access of Future IoT","display_name":"Smart Beamforming for Direct LEO Satellite Access of Future IoT","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3184634080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144877","mag":"3184634080","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34300616"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21144877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144877","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/14/4877/pdf?version=1626675133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/14/4877/pdf?version=1626675133","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067959444","display_name":"M\u00e0rius Caus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1722-6319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087295","display_name":"Centre Tecnologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/001cwea56","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marius Caus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC)/CERCA, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1722-6319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC)/CERCA, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046234769","display_name":"Ana I. P\u00e9rez-Neira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4281-3934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087295","display_name":"Centre Tecnologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/001cwea56","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Perez-Neira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC)/CERCA, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain","Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC)/CERCA, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082886388","display_name":"Eduard Mendez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduard Mendez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067959444"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087295"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":19.3711,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98667248,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"14","first_page":"4877","last_page":"4877"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7124135494232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6857684254646301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6431134939193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5649096965789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5593765377998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5311048626899719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4894208014011383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4714471101760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4216083288192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3778347671031952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.36855483055114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.23688429594039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15774458646774292}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7124135494232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6857684254646301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6431134939193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5649096965789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5593765377998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5311048626899719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4894208014011383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4714471101760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4216083288192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3778347671031952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36855483055114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.23688429594039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15774458646774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21144877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144877","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/14/4877/pdf?version=1626675133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34300616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34300616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/353532","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2117/353532","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2117/353532","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196262","display_name":"UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:5151565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/5151565","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/5151565","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors 21(14) 4877","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c79788415cea4ac7b317f43bfd690c4b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c79788415cea4ac7b317f43bfd690c4b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 14, p 4877 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/14/4877/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 14; Pages: 4877","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8309828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8309828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21144877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144877","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/14/4877/pdf?version=1626675133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3184634080.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526632983","https://openalex.org/W1969497960","https://openalex.org/W2042519026","https://openalex.org/W2083604420","https://openalex.org/W2096710051","https://openalex.org/W2104677190","https://openalex.org/W2120706128","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2164902512","https://openalex.org/W2465775766","https://openalex.org/W2555124253","https://openalex.org/W2566023797","https://openalex.org/W2786308902","https://openalex.org/W2807554399","https://openalex.org/W2896032744","https://openalex.org/W2896814869","https://openalex.org/W2938295101","https://openalex.org/W2963178977","https://openalex.org/W2963265286","https://openalex.org/W2977712723","https://openalex.org/W2994841385","https://openalex.org/W2995858075","https://openalex.org/W3007804894","https://openalex.org/W3011934602","https://openalex.org/W3013328253","https://openalex.org/W3016229109","https://openalex.org/W3043796598","https://openalex.org/W3092220464","https://openalex.org/W3103317697","https://openalex.org/W3104650338","https://openalex.org/W3106994250","https://openalex.org/W3108411296","https://openalex.org/W3123327266","https://openalex.org/W3128254715","https://openalex.org/W3156073989"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548963335","https://openalex.org/W2159941915","https://openalex.org/W1995129237","https://openalex.org/W4388081250","https://openalex.org/W2909457694","https://openalex.org/W1761601995","https://openalex.org/W2904599916","https://openalex.org/W4321608401","https://openalex.org/W2016000499","https://openalex.org/W4293094831"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-terrestrial":[0],"networks":[1,16],"(NTN)":[2],"are":[3,40,130],"expected":[4],"to":[5,19,22,42,96,102,134,153],"play":[6],"a":[7,44,58,68,110],"key":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,17,125],"extending":[11],"and":[12,25,112,127,162,189],"complementing":[13],"terrestrial":[14],"5G":[15],"order":[18],"provide":[20],"services":[21],"air,":[23],"sea,":[24],"un-served":[26],"or":[27],"under-served":[28],"areas.":[29],"This":[30],"paper":[31],"focuses":[32],"the":[33,36,48,54,99,118,131,141,158,166,173,183,186,190,193],"attention":[34],"on":[35],"uplink,":[37],"where":[38,116],"terminals":[39,62,132,169],"able":[41],"establish":[43],"direct":[45],"link":[46],"with":[47,88],"NTN":[49],"at":[50],"Ka-band.":[51],"To":[52],"reduce":[53],"collision":[55],"probability":[56,159],"when":[57],"large":[59],"population":[60],"of":[61,160,168,185,192,195],"is":[63,95,148],"transmitting":[64],"simultaneously,":[65],"we":[66,144],"propose":[67],"grant-free":[69,151],"access":[70,76,152,172],"scheme":[71],"called":[72],"resource":[73],"sharing":[74],"beamforming":[75,114],"(RSBA).":[77],"We":[78,107],"study":[79],"RBSA":[80,147],"for":[81,150],"low":[82],"Earth":[83],"orbit":[84],"(LEO)":[85],"satellite":[86],"communications":[87],"massive":[89],"multiple-input":[90],"multiple-output":[91],"(MIMO).":[92],"The":[93],"idea":[94],"benefit":[97],"from":[98],"spatial":[100],"diversity":[101],"decode":[103],"multiple":[104],"overlapped":[105],"signals.":[106],"have":[108,178],"devised":[109],"blind":[111],"open-loop":[113],"technique,":[115],"neither":[117],"receiver":[119],"must":[120],"carry":[121],"out":[122],"brute-force":[123],"search":[124],"azimuth":[126],"elevation,":[128],"nor":[129],"required":[133,187],"report":[135],"channel":[136],"state":[137],"information.":[138],"Upon":[139],"deriving":[140],"theoretical":[142],"throughput,":[143],"show":[145],"that":[146,170],"appropriate":[149],"LEO":[154],"satellite,":[155],"it":[156,164],"reduces":[157],"collision,":[161],"thus":[163],"increases":[165],"number":[167,194],"can":[171],"media.":[174],"Practical":[175],"implementation":[176],"aspects":[177],"been":[179],"tackled,":[180],"such":[181],"as":[182],"estimation":[184],"statistics,":[188],"determination":[191],"users.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
