{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3183892445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144784","title":"Multi-Beam Steering for 6G Communications Based on Graphene Metasurfaces","display_name":"Multi-Beam Steering for 6G Communications Based on Graphene Metasurfaces","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3183892445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144784","mag":"3183892445","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34300521"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21144784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144784","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/14/4784/pdf?version=1626175788","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/14/4784/pdf?version=1626175788","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010618843","display_name":"Huifang Ai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huifang Ai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015900230","display_name":"Qianlong Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1502-2352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianlong Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100660744","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1563-5765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90090648","display_name":"Shijiazhuang Tiedao University","ror":"https://ror.org/022e9e065","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90090648"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Physics, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1563-5765","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Physics, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90090648"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075521213","display_name":"Kai Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0676-7371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0676-7371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083283054","display_name":"Zhongyi Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7282-2503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhongyi Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7282-2503","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083283054"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.1045,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87309075,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"14","first_page":"4784","last_page":"4784"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-steering","display_name":"Beam steering","score":0.816779613494873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphene","display_name":"Graphene","score":0.7929933071136475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terahertz-radiation","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","score":0.7173223495483398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.6046387553215027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5088174939155579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.47730791568756104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.43391144275665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.43238285183906555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41990113258361816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffraction","display_name":"Diffraction","score":0.4171534478664398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.2658233642578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19800540804862976}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143148639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876192","display_name":"Beam steering","level":3,"score":0.816779613494873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30080830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917","display_name":"Graphene","level":2,"score":0.7929933071136475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.7173223495483398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.6046387553215027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5088174939155579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.47730791568756104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.43391144275665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.43238285183906555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41990113258361816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207114421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133900","display_name":"Diffraction","level":2,"score":0.4171534478664398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.2658233642578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19800540804862976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21144784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144784","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/14/4784/pdf?version=1626175788","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34300521","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34300521","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bf81411b623f4c28b753b33a9675f903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bf81411b623f4c28b753b33a9675f903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 14, p 4784 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/14/4784/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 14; Pages: 4784","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8309866","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8309866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21144784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144784","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/14/4784/pdf?version=1626175788","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1573144992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61775050, 11804073","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3473611391","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PA2019GDZC0098","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8357607605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61775050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8478321936","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11804073","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3183892445.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3183892445.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513236862","https://openalex.org/W1701741264","https://openalex.org/W1995425692","https://openalex.org/W1997026226","https://openalex.org/W2036516476","https://openalex.org/W2059202843","https://openalex.org/W2062702974","https://openalex.org/W2065862819","https://openalex.org/W2099560901","https://openalex.org/W2121607567","https://openalex.org/W2155176698","https://openalex.org/W2331425463","https://openalex.org/W2486846936","https://openalex.org/W2548049240","https://openalex.org/W2561626946","https://openalex.org/W2586446074","https://openalex.org/W2752809490","https://openalex.org/W2755422189","https://openalex.org/W2793483313","https://openalex.org/W2794761988","https://openalex.org/W2799010591","https://openalex.org/W2803073063","https://openalex.org/W2806901784","https://openalex.org/W2915063677","https://openalex.org/W2917985606","https://openalex.org/W2921222044","https://openalex.org/W2922512375","https://openalex.org/W2930491455","https://openalex.org/W2945176702","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2956018671","https://openalex.org/W2956059314","https://openalex.org/W2964312732","https://openalex.org/W2966579612","https://openalex.org/W2969519626","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2999244642","https://openalex.org/W3002159761","https://openalex.org/W3007669596","https://openalex.org/W3011067038","https://openalex.org/W3034281970","https://openalex.org/W3036079034","https://openalex.org/W3041653465","https://openalex.org/W3080521217","https://openalex.org/W3134746776","https://openalex.org/W4241917881","https://openalex.org/W4249868050","https://openalex.org/W6665438932","https://openalex.org/W6761925385","https://openalex.org/W6779488673","https://openalex.org/W6781715710"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606452130","https://openalex.org/W3149465128","https://openalex.org/W3196929922","https://openalex.org/W2377562106","https://openalex.org/W3103904106","https://openalex.org/W2081887179","https://openalex.org/W4321795992","https://openalex.org/W2328592354","https://openalex.org/W3033906315","https://openalex.org/W1578765583"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0,22],"communication":[1,30],"technology":[2],"is":[3],"entering":[4],"the":[5,16,70,75,95,99],"6G":[6,27,118],"era,":[7],"a":[8,45,103],"great":[9],"demand":[10],"for":[11,53],"high-performance":[12],"devices":[13],"operating":[14],"in":[15,114],"terahertz":[17],"(THz)":[18],"band":[19],"has":[20,111],"emerged.":[21],"an":[23],"important":[24],"part":[25],"of":[26,60,98,106],"technology,":[28],"indoor":[29,116],"requires":[31],"multi-beam":[32,51,101],"steering":[33,52],"and":[34,65,73,85],"tracking":[35],"to":[36],"serve":[37],"multi-users.":[38],"In":[39,88],"this":[40],"paper,":[41],"we":[42,80,90],"have":[43,81,91],"designed":[44,57],"graphene":[46,61,71],"metasurface":[47,58],"that":[48],"can":[49],"realize":[50],"directional":[54,117],"radiations.":[55],"The":[56],"consists":[59],"ribbons,":[62],"dielectric":[63],"spacer,":[64],"metal":[66],"substrate.":[67],"By":[68],"designing":[69],"ribbons":[72],"controlling":[74],"applied":[76],"voltage":[77],"on":[78],"them,":[79],"obtained":[82],"single-,":[83],"double-,":[84],"triple-beam":[86],"steering.":[87],"addition,":[89],"also":[92],"numerically":[93],"calculated":[94],"far-field":[96],"distributions":[97],"steered":[100],"with":[102],"diffraction":[104],"distance":[105],"2":[107],"m.":[108],"Our":[109],"design":[110],"potential":[112],"applications":[113],"future":[115],"communications.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
