{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3182861325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134613","title":"Caries and Restoration Detection Using Bitewing Film Based on Transfer Learning with CNNs","display_name":"Caries and Restoration Detection Using Bitewing Film Based on Transfer Learning with CNNs","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3182861325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134613","mag":"3182861325","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34283167"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21134613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134613","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4613/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4613/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011619587","display_name":"Yi-Cheng Mao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020100970","display_name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02verss31","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020100970"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Cheng Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020100970"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014438110","display_name":"Tsung\u2010Yi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5964-6084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151221077","display_name":"Chung Yuan Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ws377","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsung-Yi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006096833","display_name":"He-Sheng Chou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151221077","display_name":"Chung Yuan Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ws377","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He-Sheng Chou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062637484","display_name":"Szu\u2010Yin Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2533-0466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75430998","display_name":"National Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01npf0s58","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75430998"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Szu-Yin Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan City 26047, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan City 26047, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75430998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100739947","display_name":"Shengyu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1051-7893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151221077","display_name":"Chung Yuan Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ws377","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng-Yu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100400883","display_name":"Yuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8799-7664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151221077","display_name":"Chung Yuan Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ws377","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-An Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100343755","display_name":"Yulin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1683-0255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151221077","display_name":"Chung Yuan Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ws377","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Lin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087990042","display_name":"Chiung-An Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7605-5214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12213908","display_name":"Ming Chi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xgh4d03","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12213908"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chiung-An Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7605-5214","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12213908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022381055","display_name":"Yen-Cheng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-2824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020100970","display_name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02verss31","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020100970"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yen-Cheng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020100970"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025762419","display_name":"Shih\u2010Lun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4079-9350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151221077","display_name":"Chung Yuan Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ws377","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shih-Lun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4079-9350","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100766916","display_name":"Chun-Wei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4602-1504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020100970","display_name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02verss31","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020100970"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Wei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020100970"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020307002","display_name":"Patricia Angela R. Abu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8848-6644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19722","display_name":"Ateneo de Manila University","ror":"https://ror.org/053kevk63","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19722"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patricia Angela R. Abu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City 1108, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8848-6644","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City 1108, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19722"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057907488","display_name":"Wei-Yuan Chiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5158-0031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094216","display_name":"National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00k575643","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094216","https://openalex.org/I4210128167"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Yuan Chiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu City 30076, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5158-0031","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu City 30076, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025762419","https://openalex.org/A5062637484","https://openalex.org/A5087990042"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12213908","https://openalex.org/I151221077","https://openalex.org/I75430998"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":11.8771,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":87,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99226696,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"13","first_page":"4613","last_page":"4613"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12439","display_name":"Dental Research and COVID-19","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3500","display_name":"General Dentistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.683017373085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6629115343093872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.5990994572639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5749760866165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.45981037616729736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4488275349140167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.41002941131591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.328067421913147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.683017373085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6629115343093872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5990994572639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5749760866165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.45981037616729736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4488275349140167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.41002941131591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.328067421913147}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003731","descriptor_name":"Dental Caries","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003731","descriptor_name":"Dental Caries","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003731","descriptor_name":"Dental Caries","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003733","descriptor_name":"Dental Caries Susceptibility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003733","descriptor_name":"Dental Caries Susceptibility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003733","descriptor_name":"Dental Caries Susceptibility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014070","descriptor_name":"Tooth","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014070","descriptor_name":"Tooth","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014070","descriptor_name":"Tooth","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21134613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134613","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4613/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34283167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34283167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0ba3d0a64a0d499d830c929f2ca7321e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0ba3d0a64a0d499d830c929f2ca7321e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 13, p 4613 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/13/4613/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 13; Pages: 4613","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8272123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8272123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21134613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134613","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4613/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2394421182","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 107-2112-M-131-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3097838932","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST-107-2622-E-131-007-CC3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5709535657","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST-106-2622-E-033-014-CC2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6806334812","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST-107-2218-E-131-002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7035377215","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST-106-2221-E-033-072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8761894530","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST-106-2119-M-033-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G893105148","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST-107-2221-E-033-057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G936319959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST-109-2410-H-197-002-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323900","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3182861325.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3182861325.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1591352166","https://openalex.org/W1977257289","https://openalex.org/W2115458665","https://openalex.org/W2178326393","https://openalex.org/W2187500846","https://openalex.org/W2221443338","https://openalex.org/W2313097506","https://openalex.org/W2324440847","https://openalex.org/W2758062365","https://openalex.org/W2772106538","https://openalex.org/W2778677104","https://openalex.org/W2782116667","https://openalex.org/W2791419961","https://openalex.org/W2794122776","https://openalex.org/W2800706558","https://openalex.org/W2805320571","https://openalex.org/W2898841345","https://openalex.org/W2899380081","https://openalex.org/W2901516578","https://openalex.org/W2913906039","https://openalex.org/W2920073091","https://openalex.org/W2921560990","https://openalex.org/W2962879957","https://openalex.org/W2970357141","https://openalex.org/W2979804563","https://openalex.org/W2992325632","https://openalex.org/W3017549423","https://openalex.org/W3038992530","https://openalex.org/W3040455124","https://openalex.org/W3126766637","https://openalex.org/W4249787253","https://openalex.org/W6747386911","https://openalex.org/W6760199503"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3183901164","https://openalex.org/W4206357785","https://openalex.org/W4281381188","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3192840557","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3135818718","https://openalex.org/W4290188444"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Caries":[0],"is":[1,15,37,63,194],"a":[2,134,178,189,210,214,237,241,254],"dental":[3,233,242,255],"disease":[4],"caused":[5],"by":[6],"bacterial":[7],"infection.":[8],"If":[9],"the":[10,13,18,44,48,52,71,96,104,119,122,154,169,207,220,223,232,261,266,270,273,276,292,321],"cause":[11],"of":[12,35,54,70,74,99,106,171,192,209,222,231,272,323,329],"caries":[14,28,135,150,302],"detected":[16],"early,":[17],"treatment":[19,175],"will":[20,82],"be":[21],"relatively":[22],"easy,":[23],"which":[24,147,217,259],"in":[25,197,296],"turn":[26],"prevents":[27],"from":[29,153,213,265],"spreading.":[30],"The":[31,226],"current":[32,277],"common":[33,279],"procedure":[34,245],"dentists":[36,84,160],"to":[38,103,167,205,235,246,320],"first":[39],"perform":[40],"radiographic":[41],"examination":[42],"on":[43,142],"patient":[45],"and":[46,57,62,66,79,88,110,131,136,151,174,252,268,286,301,311],"mark":[47],"lesions":[49,56,137],"manually.":[50],"However,":[51],"work":[53],"judging":[55],"markings":[58,87],"requires":[59],"professional":[60],"experience":[61],"very":[64],"time-consuming":[65],"repetitive.":[67],"Taking":[68],"advantage":[69],"rapid":[72],"development":[73],"artificial":[75],"intelligence":[76],"imaging":[77],"research":[78,117],"technical":[80],"methods":[81],"help":[83],"make":[85],"accurate":[86,163],"improve":[89],"medical":[90],"treatments.":[91],"It":[92],"can":[93,148,218],"also":[94,195],"shorten":[95],"judgment":[97,165,327],"time":[98],"professionals.":[100],"In":[101],"addition":[102],"use":[105],"Gaussian":[107],"high-pass":[108],"filter":[109],"Otsu's":[111],"threshold":[112],"image":[113,208,234,243,256],"enhancement":[114],"technology,":[115],"this":[116,198,297],"solves":[118],"problem":[120],"that":[121,291,318],"original":[123],"cutting":[124],"technology":[125,179],"cannot":[126],"extract":[127],"certain":[128],"single":[129,211],"teeth,":[130],"it":[132,158],"proposes":[133],"area":[138],"analysis":[139,224],"model":[140,295],"based":[141],"convolutional":[143],"neural":[144,280],"networks":[145],"(CNN),":[146],"identify":[149],"restorations":[152],"bitewing":[155,215,330],"images.":[156],"Moreover,":[157],"provides":[159],"with":[161],"more":[162],"objective":[164],"data":[166],"achieve":[168],"purpose":[170],"automatic":[172,326],"diagnosis":[173],"planning":[176],"as":[177,307,309],"for":[180,299],"assisting":[181],"precision":[182],"medicine.":[183],"A":[184],"standardized":[185],"database":[186],"established":[187],"following":[188],"defined":[190],"set":[191],"steps":[193,204,227],"proposed":[196,293],"study.":[199],"There":[200],"are":[201,315],"three":[202],"main":[203],"generate":[206],"tooth":[212,250],"image,":[216],"increase":[219],"accuracy":[221,306],"model.":[225],"include":[228],"(1)":[229],"preprocessing":[230],"obtain":[236,247],"high-quality":[238],"binarization,":[239],"(2)":[240],"cropping":[244],"individually":[248],"separated":[249],"samples,":[251],"(3)":[253],"masking":[257],"step":[258],"masks":[260],"fine":[262],"broken":[263],"teeth":[264],"sample":[267],"enhances":[269],"quality":[271],"training.":[274],"Among":[275],"four":[278],"networks,":[281],"namely,":[282],"AlexNet,":[283],"GoogleNet,":[284],"Vgg19,":[285],"ResNet50,":[287],"experimental":[288],"results":[289,317],"show":[290],"AlexNet":[294],"study":[298],"restoration":[300],"judgments":[303],"has":[304],"an":[305,325],"high":[308],"95.56%":[310],"90.30%,":[312],"respectively.":[313],"These":[314],"promising":[316],"lead":[319],"possibility":[322],"developing":[324],"method":[328],"film.":[331]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-02T09:04:35.204637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
