{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3179988943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134565","title":"Multi-Floor Indoor Pedestrian Dead Reckoning with a Backtracking Particle Filter and Viterbi-Based Floor Number Detection","display_name":"Multi-Floor Indoor Pedestrian Dead Reckoning with a Backtracking Particle Filter and Viterbi-Based Floor Number Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3179988943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134565","mag":"3179988943","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34283101"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21134565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134565","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4565/pdf?version=1625471830","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4565/pdf?version=1625471830","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024515188","display_name":"Cedric De Cock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2724-6989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cedric De Cock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, IMEC-WAVES/Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2724-6989","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, IMEC-WAVES/Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018341759","display_name":"Wout Joseph","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8807-0673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wout Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, IMEC-WAVES/Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8807-0673","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, IMEC-WAVES/Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024310053","display_name":"Luc Martens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9948-9157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luc Martens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, IMEC-WAVES/Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9948-9157","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, IMEC-WAVES/Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041077579","display_name":"Jens Trogh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0185-5409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Trogh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, IMEC-WAVES/Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0185-5409","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, IMEC-WAVES/Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021128973","display_name":"David Plets","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8879-5076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Plets","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, IMEC-WAVES/Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8879-5076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, IMEC-WAVES/Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024515188"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.9321,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8609082,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"13","first_page":"4565","last_page":"4565"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9801999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9763000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floor-plan","display_name":"Floor plan","score":0.6675825119018555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.6626642942428589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6364122629165649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-filter","display_name":"Particle filter","score":0.6178421378135681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viterbi-algorithm","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","score":0.5871492624282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5446282625198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stairs","display_name":"Stairs","score":0.5263140201568604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.5201235413551331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.45897382497787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning-system","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","score":0.45731326937675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backtracking","display_name":"Backtracking","score":0.41264110803604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.41057994961738586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.39476773142814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.3644554615020752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.33863264322280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.331249475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.29510176181793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2740103304386139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24788233637809753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.2351907193660736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12393343448638916}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61056293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18965","display_name":"Floor plan","level":2,"score":0.6675825119018555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.6626642942428589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6364122629165649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52421305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151499","display_name":"Particle filter","level":3,"score":0.6178421378135681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60582962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83886","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","level":3,"score":0.5871492624282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5446282625198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777295749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12511","display_name":"Stairs","level":2,"score":0.5263140201568604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.5201235413551331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.45897382497787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.45731326937675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156884757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798554","display_name":"Backtracking","level":2,"score":0.41264110803604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.41057994961738586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.39476773142814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.3644554615020752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.33863264322280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.331249475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.29510176181793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2740103304386139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24788233637809753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.2351907193660736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12393343448638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069636","descriptor_name":"Pedestrians","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069636","descriptor_name":"Pedestrians","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069636","descriptor_name":"Pedestrians","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004607","descriptor_name":"Elevators and Escalators","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004607","descriptor_name":"Elevators and Escalators","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004607","descriptor_name":"Elevators and Escalators","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21134565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134565","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4565/pdf?version=1625471830","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34283101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34283101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:8722512","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-8722512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1424-8220","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9744aff2e79b4800a5fa93e385717903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9744aff2e79b4800a5fa93e385717903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 13, p 4565 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/13/4565/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 13; Pages: 4565","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8271586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8271586","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21134565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134565","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4565/pdf?version=1625471830","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3179988943.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3179988943.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542466602","https://openalex.org/W1609637918","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1956618308","https://openalex.org/W1968435763","https://openalex.org/W1993793087","https://openalex.org/W1998552594","https://openalex.org/W2001479711","https://openalex.org/W2001723091","https://openalex.org/W2011224697","https://openalex.org/W2033548075","https://openalex.org/W2036317013","https://openalex.org/W2038791641","https://openalex.org/W2050374176","https://openalex.org/W2080721642","https://openalex.org/W2086056752","https://openalex.org/W2111787305","https://openalex.org/W2126324024","https://openalex.org/W2142384583","https://openalex.org/W2142730207","https://openalex.org/W2147402755","https://openalex.org/W2161657262","https://openalex.org/W2184237213","https://openalex.org/W2187514268","https://openalex.org/W2190553737","https://openalex.org/W2207349990","https://openalex.org/W2402514617","https://openalex.org/W2487355099","https://openalex.org/W2514344688","https://openalex.org/W2549219554","https://openalex.org/W2549478376","https://openalex.org/W2555436023","https://openalex.org/W2557061460","https://openalex.org/W2749750670","https://openalex.org/W2768477203","https://openalex.org/W2792576649","https://openalex.org/W2805594094","https://openalex.org/W2895240804","https://openalex.org/W2897108732","https://openalex.org/W2897708449","https://openalex.org/W2900707799","https://openalex.org/W2900776313","https://openalex.org/W2901943669","https://openalex.org/W2908979191","https://openalex.org/W2921145117","https://openalex.org/W2922252007","https://openalex.org/W2923937848","https://openalex.org/W2947457111","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W2972399734","https://openalex.org/W2980462978","https://openalex.org/W2981035489","https://openalex.org/W2989782755","https://openalex.org/W2990884741","https://openalex.org/W2990893211","https://openalex.org/W3003576941","https://openalex.org/W3005694049","https://openalex.org/W3011691446","https://openalex.org/W3011865838","https://openalex.org/W3012223333","https://openalex.org/W3030039670","https://openalex.org/W3098402900","https://openalex.org/W3104978629","https://openalex.org/W3123946103","https://openalex.org/W3135903331","https://openalex.org/W3159850628","https://openalex.org/W6632370327","https://openalex.org/W6676780147"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2570308965","https://openalex.org/W2049247410","https://openalex.org/W2318265355","https://openalex.org/W2364893285","https://openalex.org/W4393324427","https://openalex.org/W2990531049","https://openalex.org/W2788101894","https://openalex.org/W2770877176","https://openalex.org/W4315926703","https://openalex.org/W2058007233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,59,92],"present":[1],"a":[2,40,54,61,95,106,118,132,160,221],"smartphone-based":[3],"indoor":[4],"localisation":[5,134],"system,":[6],"able":[7,193],"to":[8,30,39,79,86,103,194],"track":[9],"pedestrians":[10],"over":[11],"multiple":[12],"floors.":[13],"The":[14,34,112,198],"system":[15,114,155,181,191],"uses":[16],"Pedestrian":[17],"Dead":[18],"Reckoning":[19],"(PDR),":[20],"which":[21,67,174],"exploits":[22],"data":[23,69],"from":[24,70],"the":[25,32,71,88,101,129,190,202,216],"smartphone's":[26,72],"inertial":[27],"measurement":[28],"unit":[29],"estimate":[31,87],"trajectory.":[33],"PDR":[35],"output":[36],"is":[37],"matched":[38],"scaled":[41],"floor":[42,64,90,217,225],"plan":[43],"and":[44,75,82,85,140,186,210,223,230],"fused":[45],"with":[46,109,164],"model-based":[47],"WiFi":[48,76,177],"received":[49],"signal":[50],"strength":[51],"fingerprinting":[52],"by":[53,206],"Backtracking":[55],"Particle":[56],"Filter":[57],"(BPF).":[58],"proposed":[60,94,113],"new":[62],"Viterbi-based":[63],"detection":[65,218],"algorithm,":[66],"fuses":[68],"accelerometer,":[73],"barometer":[74],"RSS":[77],"measurements":[78],"detect":[80],"stairs":[81],"elevator":[83],"usage":[84],"correct":[89,195],"number.":[91],"also":[93],"clustering":[96,199],"algorithm":[97,200,219],"on":[98,116],"top":[99],"of":[100,131,173],"BPF":[102],"solve":[104],"multimodality,":[105],"known":[107],"problem":[108],"particle":[110],"filters.":[111],"relies":[115],"only":[117],"few":[119],"pre-existing":[120],"access":[121,142,178],"points,":[122],"whereas":[123],"most":[124,137],"systems":[125],"assume":[126],"or":[127],"require":[128],"presence":[130],"dedicated":[133],"infrastructure.":[135],"In":[136],"public":[138],"buildings":[139],"offices,":[141],"points":[143],"are":[144],"often":[145],"available":[146],"at":[147],"smaller":[148],"densities":[149],"than":[150],"used":[151],"for":[152],"localisation.":[153],"Our":[154,180],"was":[156,182,192],"extensively":[157],"tested":[158],"in":[159,184,208,212,228],"real":[161],"office":[162],"environment":[163],"seven":[165],"41":[166],"m":[167,170],"\u00d7":[168],"27":[169],"floors,":[171],"each":[172],"had":[175],"two":[176],"points.":[179],"evaluated":[183],"real-time":[185,209,229],"batch":[187,213,231],"mode,":[188,214,232],"since":[189],"past":[196],"states.":[197],"reduced":[201],"median":[203],"position":[204],"error":[205],"17%":[207],"13%":[211],"while":[215],"achieved":[220],"99.1%":[222],"99.7%":[224],"number":[226],"accuracy":[227],"respectively.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
