{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3176031340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134260","title":"Evaluating Pedometer Algorithms on Semi-Regular and Unstructured Gaits","display_name":"Evaluating Pedometer Algorithms on Semi-Regular and Unstructured Gaits","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3176031340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134260","mag":"3176031340","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34206289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21134260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134260","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4260/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4260/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055913851","display_name":"Ryan Mattfeld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8116-2751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170164250","display_name":"Elon University","ror":"https://ror.org/01szgyb91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170164250"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Mattfeld","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Elon University, Elon, NC 27244, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8116-2751","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Elon University, Elon, NC 27244, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170164250"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003509094","display_name":"Elliot D. Jesch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elliot Jesch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009609077","display_name":"Adam Hoover","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2965-6524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Hoover","raw_affiliation_strings":["Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055913851"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170164250"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.9756,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93376179,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"13","first_page":"4260","last_page":"4260"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedometer","display_name":"Pedometer","score":0.9504921436309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait","display_name":"Gait","score":0.7623757123947144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.7598968148231506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.529801070690155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.4601813554763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.40560874342918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-activity","display_name":"Physical activity","score":0.17932918667793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.16574931144714355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779070388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q648434","display_name":"Pedometer","level":3,"score":0.9504921436309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.7623757123947144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.7598968148231506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.529801070690155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.4601813554763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.40560874342918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020255362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747883","display_name":"Physical activity","level":2,"score":0.17932918667793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16574931144714355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000072797","descriptor_name":"Walking Speed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000072797","descriptor_name":"Walking Speed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000072797","descriptor_name":"Walking Speed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056044","descriptor_name":"Actigraphy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056044","descriptor_name":"Actigraphy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056044","descriptor_name":"Actigraphy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21134260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134260","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4260/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34206289","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34206289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0af836d41394420eb80c79acbe34a10a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0af836d41394420eb80c79acbe34a10a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 13, p 4260 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/13/4260/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 13; Pages: 4260","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8272166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8272166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21134260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134260","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/13/4260/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3176031340.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3176031340.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492187049","https://openalex.org/W1853021488","https://openalex.org/W1890698066","https://openalex.org/W1964934429","https://openalex.org/W1969185970","https://openalex.org/W1975984765","https://openalex.org/W1978351742","https://openalex.org/W1982575499","https://openalex.org/W1997712216","https://openalex.org/W2000747785","https://openalex.org/W2001599770","https://openalex.org/W2007875808","https://openalex.org/W2016962446","https://openalex.org/W2044437939","https://openalex.org/W2045304791","https://openalex.org/W2048764977","https://openalex.org/W2062586430","https://openalex.org/W2066991356","https://openalex.org/W2073763146","https://openalex.org/W2074614040","https://openalex.org/W2087420772","https://openalex.org/W2106226434","https://openalex.org/W2108574960","https://openalex.org/W2109257317","https://openalex.org/W2117736292","https://openalex.org/W2156879797","https://openalex.org/W2164776224","https://openalex.org/W2166315077","https://openalex.org/W2176813830","https://openalex.org/W2182081065","https://openalex.org/W2204297967","https://openalex.org/W2294255158","https://openalex.org/W2296610931","https://openalex.org/W2308991044","https://openalex.org/W2515110059","https://openalex.org/W2517293263","https://openalex.org/W2526225066","https://openalex.org/W2532469718","https://openalex.org/W2535242787","https://openalex.org/W2597410989","https://openalex.org/W2730932226","https://openalex.org/W2771318818","https://openalex.org/W2792479193","https://openalex.org/W2810572381","https://openalex.org/W2810872737","https://openalex.org/W2942244239","https://openalex.org/W2962883549","https://openalex.org/W2982975961","https://openalex.org/W3013187008","https://openalex.org/W3014439667","https://openalex.org/W3016016217","https://openalex.org/W3042506945","https://openalex.org/W3089769946","https://openalex.org/W3120711358","https://openalex.org/W6676576195","https://openalex.org/W6685900664","https://openalex.org/W6726175910","https://openalex.org/W6788184639"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2158031711","https://openalex.org/W2143846612","https://openalex.org/W4251403194","https://openalex.org/W1995730975","https://openalex.org/W2524427275","https://openalex.org/W1989734657","https://openalex.org/W4226004263","https://openalex.org/W4210601529","https://openalex.org/W2528228280","https://openalex.org/W2757733761"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pedometers":[0],"are":[1],"popular":[2],"for":[3,27,193],"counting":[4],"steps":[5,84,189],"as":[6,15,17],"a":[7,136,159,164,171],"daily":[8],"measure":[9],"of":[10,56,66,82,97,132,144,148,202,213,252],"physical":[11],"activity,":[12],"however,":[13],"errors":[14],"high":[16],"96%":[18],"have":[19,30],"been":[20,31],"reported":[21],"in":[22,47,63,90,235,262],"previous":[23],"work.":[24],"Many":[25],"reasons":[26],"pedometer":[28,42,133,208,244],"error":[29,57],"studied,":[32],"including":[33],"walking":[34,158],"speed,":[35],"sensor":[36],"position":[37],"on":[38,135,181,246],"the":[39,53,64,80,127,142,182,211,240,250,263],"body":[40],"and":[41,79,114,169,185,231,265],"algorithm,":[43],"demonstrating":[44],"some":[45,72],"differences":[46,62],"error.":[48,237],"However,":[49],"we":[50,107,121,227],"hypothesize":[51,108],"that":[52,140,229,248],"largest":[54],"source":[55],"may":[58],"be":[59,77],"due":[60],"to":[61,76,88,112,206,216,242],"regularity":[65,143,251],"gait":[67,74,100,214],"during":[68],"different":[69,156],"activities.":[70],"During":[71,94],"activities,":[73],"tends":[75],"regular":[78],"repetitiveness":[81],"individual":[83,116],"makes":[85,109],"them":[86],"easy":[87],"identify":[89,113],"an":[91],"accelerometer":[92],"signal.":[93],"other":[95,221],"activities":[96,220,247],"everyday":[98,218],"life,":[99],"is":[101,205,256],"frequently":[102],"semi-regular":[103,230],"or":[104],"unstructured,":[105],"which":[106],"it":[110],"difficult":[111],"count":[115],"steps.":[117],"In":[118,224],"this":[119,123,203],"work,":[120],"test":[122],"hypothesis":[124],"by":[125],"evaluating":[126],"three":[128,155],"most":[129],"common":[130],"types":[131],"algorithm":[134],"new":[137],"data":[138],"set":[139],"varies":[141],"gait.":[145,253],"A":[146],"total":[147],"30":[149],"participants":[150],"were":[151,177,190],"video":[152],"recorded":[153],"performing":[154],"activities:":[157],"path":[160],"(regular":[161],"gait),":[162,168],"conducting":[163,170],"within-building":[165],"activity":[166,173],"(semi-regular":[167],"within-room":[172],"(unstructured":[174],"gait).":[175],"Participants":[176],"instrumented":[178],"with":[179,259],"accelerometers":[180],"wrist,":[183],"hip":[184],"ankle.":[186],"Collectively,":[187],"60,805":[188],"manually":[191],"annotated":[192],"ground":[194],"truth":[195],"using":[196],"synchronized":[197],"video.":[198],"The":[199],"main":[200],"contribution":[201],"paper":[204],"evaluate":[207,243],"algorithms":[209,245],"when":[210],"consistency":[212],"changes":[215],"simulate":[217],"life":[219],"than":[222],"exercise.":[223],"our":[225],"study,":[226],"found":[228],"unstructured":[232],"gaits":[233],"resulted":[234],"5-466%":[236],"This":[238],"demonstrates":[239],"need":[241],"vary":[249],"Our":[254],"dataset":[255],"publicly":[257],"available":[258],"links":[260],"provided":[261],"introduction":[264],"Data":[266],"Availability":[267],"Statement.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-11T08:15:01.531666","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}