{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3176464036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124220","title":"An Improved Vulnerability Exploitation Prediction Model with Novel Cost Function and Custom Trained Word Vector Embedding","display_name":"An Improved Vulnerability Exploitation Prediction Model with Novel Cost Function and Custom Trained Word Vector Embedding","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3176464036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124220","mag":"3176464036","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34202977"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21124220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124220","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4220/pdf?version=1624178726","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4220/pdf?version=1624178726","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055499188","display_name":"Mohammad Shamsul Hoque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3652-6672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Shamsul Hoque","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing & Informatics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing & Informatics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016101516","display_name":"Norziana Jamil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7363-1466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norziana Jamil","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing & Informatics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing & Informatics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050350023","display_name":"Nowshad Amin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3250-1307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79156528","display_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","ror":"https://ror.org/03kxdn807","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79156528","https://openalex.org/I874769580"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874769580","display_name":"Tenaga Nasional Berhad (Malaysia)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jjxmt88","country_code":"MY","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874769580"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nowshad Amin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Renewable Energy and Solar Photovoltaics, Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3250-1307","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Renewable Energy and Solar Photovoltaics, Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874769580","https://openalex.org/I79156528"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101720092","display_name":"Kwok\u2010Yan Lam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7479-7970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwok-Yan Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technopreneur-Ship Centre, School of Computer Science and Engineering and Director of the Nanyang, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 639798, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technopreneur-Ship Centre, School of Computer Science and Engineering and Director of the Nanyang, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 639798, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055499188"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79156528"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.7633,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85366109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"12","first_page":"4220","last_page":"4220"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7723619937896729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.7500450015068054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6835205554962158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.5139676928520203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4765366017818451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.47100841999053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.43935102224349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.43311232328414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-management","display_name":"Vulnerability management","score":0.4276649057865143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4189234972000122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-embedding","display_name":"Word embedding","score":0.4101969003677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.402580201625824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38975611329078674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-assessment","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","score":0.37999337911605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.24572166800498962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7723619937896729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.7500450015068054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6835205554962158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.5139676928520203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4765366017818451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.47100841999053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.43935102224349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.43311232328414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172776598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7943570","display_name":"Vulnerability management","level":4,"score":0.4276649057865143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4189234972000122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.4101969003677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.402580201625824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38975611329078674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.37999337911605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.24572166800498962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137176749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337","display_name":"Psychological resilience","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21124220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124220","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4220/pdf?version=1624178726","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34202977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34202977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ca7460297da149cba8e59a54f9cca309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ca7460297da149cba8e59a54f9cca309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 12, p 4220 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/153900","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/153900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/12/4220/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 12; Pages: 4220","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8235709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8235709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21124220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124220","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4220/pdf?version=1624178726","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3176464036.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3176464036.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W110007310","https://openalex.org/W1513123914","https://openalex.org/W1707806712","https://openalex.org/W1971733255","https://openalex.org/W2043837581","https://openalex.org/W2048872030","https://openalex.org/W2057994388","https://openalex.org/W2067148378","https://openalex.org/W2163593802","https://openalex.org/W2241929320","https://openalex.org/W2603292144","https://openalex.org/W2766961112","https://openalex.org/W2767521898","https://openalex.org/W2774398706","https://openalex.org/W2807143630","https://openalex.org/W2899204848","https://openalex.org/W3084558590","https://openalex.org/W3102673518","https://openalex.org/W3137883743","https://openalex.org/W4239469732"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2393340519","https://openalex.org/W2390459954","https://openalex.org/W4220885008","https://openalex.org/W2057803998","https://openalex.org/W4298219515","https://openalex.org/W1613146948","https://openalex.org/W3118510577","https://openalex.org/W2021298062","https://openalex.org/W2185499427","https://openalex.org/W4388541873"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Successful":[0],"cyber-attacks":[1],"are":[2,29],"caused":[3],"by":[4,197,290],"the":[5,11,23,50,63,90,103,108,121,134,153,180,199,216,220,240,248,254,267,270,332],"exploitation":[6,194,286],"of":[7,27,37,52,269,316],"some":[8],"vulnerabilities":[9,28,157],"in":[10,17,20,120,160,253,280],"software":[12,163],"and/or":[13],"hardware":[14,165],"that":[15,102,158,263],"exist":[16,159],"systems":[18,149],"deployed":[19],"premises":[21],"or":[22,164],"cloud.":[24],"Although":[25],"hundreds":[26],"discovered":[30],"every":[31],"year,":[32],"only":[33,109],"a":[34,45,74,85,113,233,259,291],"small":[35],"fraction":[36],"them":[38,224],"actually":[39],"become":[40],"exploited,":[41],"thereby":[42,324],"there":[43],"exists":[44],"severe":[46],"class":[47,201,222,242,337],"imbalance":[48,202],"between":[49],"number":[51],"exploited":[53],"and":[54,68,117,173,206,295,311,321],"non-exploited":[55],"vulnerabilities.":[56,137],"The":[57],"open":[58],"source":[59],"national":[60,122],"vulnerability":[61,82,114,123,193,285],"database,":[62],"largest":[64],"repository":[65],"to":[66,77,111,132,177,183,219,238,257],"index":[67],"maintain":[69],"all":[70],"known":[71],"vulnerabilities,":[72],"assigns":[73],"unique":[75],"identifier":[76],"each":[78],"vulnerability.":[79],"Each":[80],"registered":[81],"also":[83,245],"gets":[84],"severity":[86],"score":[87,105,313],"based":[88,203],"on":[89,204],"impact":[91],"it":[92],"might":[93],"inflict":[94],"upon":[95],"if":[96],"compromised.":[97],"Recent":[98],"research":[99,189],"works":[100,190],"showed":[101],"cvss":[104],"is":[106,141],"not":[107],"factor":[110],"select":[112],"for":[115,274,306,336],"exploitation,":[116],"other":[118],"attributes":[119],"database":[124],"can":[125,166,264],"be":[126,167],"effectively":[127],"utilized":[128,247],"as":[129,147,170,175,276],"predictive":[130],"feature":[131,237],"predict":[133],"most":[135,154],"exploitable":[136,156],"Since":[138],"cybersecurity":[139],"management":[140],"highly":[142],"resource":[143],"savvy,":[144],"organizations":[145],"such":[146],"cloud":[148],"will":[150],"benefit":[151],"when":[152],"likely":[155],"their":[161],"system":[162],"predicted":[168],"with":[169,314],"much":[171],"accuracy":[172],"reliability":[174],"possible,":[176],"best":[178],"utilize":[179],"available":[181,249],"resources":[182],"fix":[184],"those":[185],"first.":[186],"Various":[187],"existing":[188,200,241,327,333],"have":[191,231,246,299],"developed":[192,284],"prediction":[195,287],"models":[196,288,328],"addressing":[198],"algorithmic":[205],"artificial":[207],"data":[208,273],"resampling":[209],"techniques":[210],"but":[211],"still":[212],"suffer":[213],"greatly":[214],"from":[215],"overfitting":[217,334],"problem":[218,335],"major":[221],"rendering":[223],"practically":[225],"unreliable.":[226],"In":[227],"this":[228],"research,":[229],"we":[230],"designed":[232],"novel":[234,292],"cost":[235,293],"function":[236,294],"address":[239],"imbalance.":[243,338],"We":[244],"large":[250],"text":[251,272],"corpus":[252],"extracted":[255],"dataset":[256],"develop":[258],"custom-trained":[260,296],"word":[261,297],"vector":[262,298],"better":[265],"capture":[266],"context":[268],"local":[271],"utilization":[275],"an":[277],"embedded":[278],"layer":[279],"neural":[281],"networks.":[282],"Our":[283],"powered":[289],"achieved":[300],"very":[301],"high":[302],"overall":[303],"performance":[304],"metrics":[305],"accuracy,":[307],"precision,":[308],"recall,":[309],"F1-Score":[310],"AUC":[312],"values":[315],"0.92,":[317],"0.89,":[318],"0.98,":[319],"0.94":[320],"0.97,":[322],"respectively,":[323],"outperforming":[325],"any":[326],"while":[329],"successfully":[330],"overcoming":[331]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T09:04:59.091469","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}