{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3173506310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124205","title":"A Spatio-Temporal Ensemble Deep Learning Architecture for Real-Time Defect Detection during Laser Welding on Low Power Embedded Computing Boards","display_name":"A Spatio-Temporal Ensemble Deep Learning Architecture for Real-Time Defect Detection during Laser Welding on Low Power Embedded Computing Boards","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3173506310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124205","mag":"3173506310","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34207475"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21124205","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124205","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4205/pdf?version=1624337799","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4205/pdf?version=1624337799","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055577939","display_name":"Christian Knaak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4453-9991"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132567","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03ebbfh95","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132567","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christian Knaak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer-Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer-Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084629457","display_name":"Jakob von E\u00dfen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132567","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03ebbfh95","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132567","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakob von E\u00dfen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer-Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer-Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051291632","display_name":"Moritz Kr\u00f6ger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moritz Kr\u00f6ger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Chair for Laser Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Chair for Laser Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027852688","display_name":"Frederic Schulze","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132567","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03ebbfh95","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132567","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederic Schulze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer-Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer-Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110295240","display_name":"Peter Abels","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132567","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03ebbfh95","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132567","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Abels","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer-Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer-Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132567"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061168413","display_name":"Arnold Gillner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6971-5985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132567","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03ebbfh95","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132567","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arnold Gillner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Chair for Laser Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany","Fraunhofer-Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Chair for Laser Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer-Institute for Laser Technology ILT, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132567"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055577939"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132567"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":5.5198,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96977938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"12","first_page":"4205","last_page":"4205"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6803240776062012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6730808615684509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6568911075592041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5840622186660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4798980951309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4729699194431305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.4721817076206207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4630465805530548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4403049945831299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter-optimization","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","score":0.43600308895111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.399831086397171}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6803240776062012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6730808615684509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6568911075592041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5840622186660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4798980951309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4729699194431305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.4721817076206207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4630465805530548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4403049945831299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10485038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48996162","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","level":3,"score":0.43600308895111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.399831086397171}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007834","descriptor_name":"Lasers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007834","descriptor_name":"Lasers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007834","descriptor_name":"Lasers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014896","descriptor_name":"Welding","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014896","descriptor_name":"Welding","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014896","descriptor_name":"Welding","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21124205","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124205","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4205/pdf?version=1624337799","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34207475","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34207475","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2b31bedf89794e2e96ede7f97e4fb282","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2b31bedf89794e2e96ede7f97e4fb282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 12, p 4205 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-640323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-640323.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer ILT","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/12/4205/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 12; Pages: 4205","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:null:publica/269593","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/269593","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8235065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8235065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21124205","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124205","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4205/pdf?version=1624337799","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G141300395","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"825030; 637081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338339","funder_display_name":"H2020 Leadership in Enabling and Industrial Technologies"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338339","display_name":"H2020 Leadership in Enabling and Industrial Technologies","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3173506310.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3173506310.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169052826","https://openalex.org/W1486736496","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1924770834","https://openalex.org/W1969227317","https://openalex.org/W1972468967","https://openalex.org/W1985314090","https://openalex.org/W1998626418","https://openalex.org/W2019377328","https://openalex.org/W2023752928","https://openalex.org/W2026039230","https://openalex.org/W2032743230","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2065150583","https://openalex.org/W2065429801","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2082220115","https://openalex.org/W2087268748","https://openalex.org/W2088897029","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2105110285","https://openalex.org/W2105459947","https://openalex.org/W2106051978","https://openalex.org/W2137677098","https://openalex.org/W2143991132","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2159709858","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2270470215","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2464234006","https://openalex.org/W2546875627","https://openalex.org/W2584424117","https://openalex.org/W2587019100","https://openalex.org/W2594332903","https://openalex.org/W2595328592","https://openalex.org/W2615600298","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2619004999","https://openalex.org/W2734663976","https://openalex.org/W2744731327","https://openalex.org/W2769581371","https://openalex.org/W2782812883","https://openalex.org/W2796438033","https://openalex.org/W2889720690","https://openalex.org/W2898017895","https://openalex.org/W2904910227","https://openalex.org/W2912735527","https://openalex.org/W2926527602","https://openalex.org/W2937443896","https://openalex.org/W2949605076","https://openalex.org/W2950094539","https://openalex.org/W2950635152","https://openalex.org/W2962843773","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2968179527","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2971581420","https://openalex.org/W2979798188","https://openalex.org/W3005303223","https://openalex.org/W3102015031","https://openalex.org/W3104353633","https://openalex.org/W3105927439","https://openalex.org/W3133610490","https://openalex.org/W3136357499","https://openalex.org/W3149839747","https://openalex.org/W4256397383","https://openalex.org/W6606879723","https://openalex.org/W6629510986","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6698183232","https://openalex.org/W6719054298","https://openalex.org/W6767550628","https://openalex.org/W6793364036"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953665647","https://openalex.org/W4205712847","https://openalex.org/W4281646320","https://openalex.org/W3169687406","https://openalex.org/W2954882791","https://openalex.org/W4287818966","https://openalex.org/W4388119537","https://openalex.org/W3014750173","https://openalex.org/W3192751261","https://openalex.org/W3200811867"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,28,122],"modern":[1],"production":[2],"environments,":[3],"advanced":[4],"and":[5,21,48,85,115,145,174,181,201,224],"intelligent":[6],"process":[7,19],"monitoring":[8],"strategies":[9],"are":[10,155],"required":[11],"to":[12,32,100,124,166,226],"enable":[13],"an":[14,43,158],"unambiguous":[15],"diagnosis":[16],"of":[17,23,37,107,113,118,170],"the":[18,24,30,34,119,126,168,179,197,202,217],"situation":[20],"thus":[22],"final":[25],"component":[26],"quality.":[27],"addition,":[29],"ability":[31],"recognize":[33],"current":[35],"state":[36],"product":[38],"quality":[39],"in":[40,213],"real-time":[41,242],"is":[42,164,188,222],"important":[44],"prerequisite":[45],"for":[46,152,241],"autonomous":[47],"self-improving":[49],"manufacturing":[50],"systems.":[51],"To":[52],"address":[53],"these":[54],"needs,":[55],"this":[56,129,214],"study":[57,130],"investigates":[58,131],"a":[59,132],"novel":[60],"ensemble":[61,218],"deep":[62,147,219],"learning":[63,139,148],"architecture":[64,91],"based":[65,135],"on":[66,136,191,228],"convolutional":[67],"neural":[68,220],"networks":[69],"(CNN),":[70],"gated":[71],"recurrent":[72],"units":[73],"(GRU)":[74],"combined":[75],"with":[76,233],"high-performance":[77],"classification":[78,210],"algorithms":[79],"such":[80],"as":[81],"k-nearest":[82],"neighbors":[83],"(kNN)":[84],"support":[86],"vector":[87],"machines":[88],"(SVM).":[89],"The":[90,185],"uses":[92],"spatio-temporal":[93,175],"features":[94,176],"extracted":[95,177],"from":[96,178],"infrared":[97],"image":[98],"sequences":[99],"locate":[101],"critical":[102],"welding":[103,194],"defects":[104],"including":[105],"lack":[106,112],"fusion":[108],"(false":[109],"friends),":[110],"sagging,":[111],"penetration,":[114],"geometric":[116],"deviations":[117],"weld":[120,182,205],"seam.":[121],"order":[123],"evaluate":[125],"proposed":[127,186],"architecture,":[128],"comprehensive":[133],"scheme":[134],"classical":[137],"machine":[138],"methods":[140,211],"using":[141],"manual":[142],"feature":[143],"extraction":[144],"state-of-the-art":[146],"algorithms.":[149],"Optimal":[150],"hyperparameters":[151],"each":[153],"algorithm":[154],"determined":[156],"by":[157],"extensive":[159],"grid":[160],"search.":[161],"Additional":[162],"work":[163],"conducted":[165],"investigate":[167],"significance":[169],"various":[171],"geometrical,":[172],"statistical":[173],"keyhole":[180],"pool":[183],"regions.":[184],"method":[187],"finally":[189],"validated":[190],"previously":[192],"unknown":[193],"trials,":[195],"achieving":[196],"highest":[198],"detection":[199],"rates":[200],"most":[203],"robust":[204],"defect":[206],"recognition":[207],"among":[208],"all":[209],"investigated":[212],"work.":[215],"Ultimately,":[216],"network":[221],"implemented":[223],"optimized":[225],"operate":[227],"low-power":[229],"embedded":[230],"computing":[231],"devices":[232],"low":[234],"latency":[235],"(1.1":[236],"ms),":[237],"demonstrating":[238],"sufficient":[239],"performance":[240],"applications.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}