{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3176596902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124186","title":"Estimate the Unknown Environment with Biosonar Echoes\u2014A Simulation Study","display_name":"Estimate the Unknown Environment with Biosonar Echoes\u2014A Simulation Study","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3176596902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124186","mag":"3176596902","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34207193"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21124186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124186","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4186/pdf?version=1624422076","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4186/pdf?version=1624422076","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037186030","display_name":"M. Hassan Tanveer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9266-6368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","display_name":"Kennesaw State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jeqjx33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Hassan Tanveer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA 30060, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA 30060, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066573942","display_name":"Antony Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1285-0048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antony Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066259563","display_name":"Waqar Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5416-149X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30771326","display_name":"Italian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042t93s57","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30771326"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waqar Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["DITEN, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy","PAVIS, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16152 Genoa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DITEN, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PAVIS, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16152 Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30771326"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023737066","display_name":"Hongxiao Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5674-6483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongxiao Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037186030"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.2213,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68168225,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"12","first_page":"4186","last_page":"4186"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12729","display_name":"Tree Root and Stability Studies","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6655118465423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5794947743415833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4596751034259796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.445857971906662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4281264543533325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.40206971764564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3878628611564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3550547957420349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.17194154858589172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12443262338638306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6655118465423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5794947743415833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4596751034259796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.445857971906662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4281264543533325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.40206971764564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3878628611564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3550547957420349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.17194154858589172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12443262338638306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014197","descriptor_name":"Trees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014197","descriptor_name":"Trees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014197","descriptor_name":"Trees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D065928","descriptor_name":"Forests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D065928","descriptor_name":"Forests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D065928","descriptor_name":"Forests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21124186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124186","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4186/pdf?version=1624422076","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34207193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34207193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu:facpubs-6639","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/facpubs/5483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196456","display_name":"DigitalCommons - Kennesaw State University (Kennesaw State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","host_organization_name":"Kennesaw State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu:facpubs-6640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/facpubs/5484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196456","display_name":"DigitalCommons - Kennesaw State University (Kennesaw State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","host_organization_name":"Kennesaw State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Articles","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2bed21f44b13414f9fe7657818c6cdf3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2bed21f44b13414f9fe7657818c6cdf3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 12, p 4186 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/12/4186/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 12; Pages: 4186","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8233705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8233705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/103990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article - Refereed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21124186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124186","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4186/pdf?version=1624422076","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.5,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3151856825","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1762577","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3176596902.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3176596902.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54854875","https://openalex.org/W977946601","https://openalex.org/W1595409093","https://openalex.org/W1824731798","https://openalex.org/W1967625743","https://openalex.org/W1970244581","https://openalex.org/W2023703376","https://openalex.org/W2093231248","https://openalex.org/W2157203663","https://openalex.org/W2160652372","https://openalex.org/W2169030329","https://openalex.org/W2501620068","https://openalex.org/W2548737968","https://openalex.org/W2585024272","https://openalex.org/W2749302295","https://openalex.org/W2768439031","https://openalex.org/W2788620894","https://openalex.org/W2891715141","https://openalex.org/W3005565876","https://openalex.org/W3025961804","https://openalex.org/W3097499856"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W3171520305","https://openalex.org/W1924178503","https://openalex.org/W4396689146","https://openalex.org/W4200112873","https://openalex.org/W2955796858","https://openalex.org/W2004826645","https://openalex.org/W2889302474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"aerial":[1],"vehicles":[2],"(UAVs)":[3],"have":[4],"shown":[5,124],"great":[6],"potential":[7],"in":[8,144],"various":[9],"applications":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12,51],"surveillance,":[13],"search":[14],"and":[15,20,35,91],"rescue.":[16],"To":[17],"perform":[18],"safe":[19],"efficient":[21],"navigation,":[22],"it":[23],"is":[24,102,123,135,152],"vitally":[25],"important":[26],"for":[27,45],"a":[28,42,52,59,63,73,97,111,117],"UAV":[29,53],"to":[30,83,104,125,128],"evaluate":[31],"the":[32,46,85,145],"environment":[33],"accurately":[34],"promptly.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38],"work,":[39],"we":[40],"present":[41],"simulation":[43],"study":[44],"estimation":[47],"of":[48,88,141],"foliage":[49,67],"distribution":[50,87],"equipped":[54],"with":[55,116],"biosonar":[56,78],"navigates":[57],"through":[58],"forest.":[60],"Based":[61],"on":[62],"simulated":[64,146],"forest":[65,147],"environment,":[66],"echoes":[68,79],"are":[69,80],"generated":[70],"by":[71,137],"using":[72,138],"bat-inspired":[74],"bisonar":[75],"simulator.":[76],"These":[77],"then":[81],"used":[82],"estimate":[84,105,129],"spatial":[86],"both":[89],"sparsely":[90,106],"densely":[92,130],"distributed":[93,107,131,157],"tree":[94],"leaves.":[95,132],"While":[96],"simple":[98],"batch":[99],"processing":[100],"method":[101],"able":[103],"leaf":[108,142],"locations":[109],"well,":[110],"wavelet":[112],"scattering":[113],"technique":[114],"coupled":[115],"support":[118],"vector":[119],"machine":[120],"(SVM)":[121],"classifier":[122],"be":[126],"effective":[127],"Our":[133],"approach":[134],"validated":[136],"multiple":[139],"setups":[140],"distributions":[143],"environment.":[148],"Ninety-seven":[149],"percent":[150],"accuracy":[151],"obtained":[153],"while":[154],"estimating":[155],"thickly":[156],"foliage.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}