{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3169374325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124015","title":"Spectrum Occupancy Model Based on Empirical Data for FM Radio Broadcasting in Suburban Environments","display_name":"Spectrum Occupancy Model Based on Empirical Data for FM Radio Broadcasting in Suburban Environments","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3169374325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124015","mag":"3169374325","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34200800"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21124015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4015/pdf?version=1623386906","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4015/pdf?version=1623386906","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007545070","display_name":"Ajalawit Chantaveerod","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-9641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96916377","display_name":"Walailak University","ror":"https://ror.org/04b69g067","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96916377"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ajalawit Chantaveerod","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Sustainable Disaster Management, Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-9641","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Sustainable Disaster Management, Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96916377"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041128986","display_name":"Kampol Woradit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7383-0361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48076826","display_name":"Chiang Mai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m2fqn25","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48076826"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kampol Woradit","raw_affiliation_strings":["OASYS Research Group, Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7383-0361","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OASYS Research Group, Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48076826"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030254412","display_name":"Charernkiat Pochaiya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96916377","display_name":"Walailak University","ror":"https://ror.org/04b69g067","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96916377"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charernkiat Pochaiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96916377"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007545070","https://openalex.org/A5041128986"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48076826","https://openalex.org/I96916377"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.5197,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6719111,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"12","first_page":"4015","last_page":"4015"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passband","display_name":"Passband","score":0.8406540155410767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duty-cycle","display_name":"Duty cycle","score":0.7791119813919067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.7565563917160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.7385140061378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupancy","display_name":"Occupancy","score":0.7006053924560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5751012563705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadcasting","display_name":"Broadcasting (networking)","score":0.5116989612579346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-spectrum","display_name":"Radio spectrum","score":0.5001616477966309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.4683847725391388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjacent-channel-interference","display_name":"Adjacent-channel interference","score":0.4531831443309784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3796112835407257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3779139220714569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3759147524833679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3290720283985138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32802873849868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.23524510860443115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20220598578453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10457956790924072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/band-pass-filter","display_name":"Band-pass filter","score":0.0930611789226532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46416853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254758","display_name":"Passband","level":3,"score":0.8406540155410767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199822604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557120","display_name":"Duty cycle","level":3,"score":0.7791119813919067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.7565563917160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.7385140061378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.7006053924560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5751012563705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110157686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922122","display_name":"Broadcasting (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5116989612579346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.5001616477966309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.4683847725391388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134222854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683140","display_name":"Adjacent-channel interference","level":4,"score":0.4531831443309784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3796112835407257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3779139220714569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3759147524833679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3290720283985138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32802873849868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.23524510860443115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20220598578453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10457956790924072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147788027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2718101","display_name":"Band-pass filter","level":2,"score":0.0930611789226532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21124015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4015/pdf?version=1623386906","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34200800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34200800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8c616b21bc904f25b8289622b6029ef9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8c616b21bc904f25b8289622b6029ef9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 12, p 4015 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/12/4015/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 12; Pages: 4015","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8230560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8230560","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21124015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4015/pdf?version=1623386906","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169374325.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169374325.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479914506","https://openalex.org/W1572245504","https://openalex.org/W1965842222","https://openalex.org/W1971130674","https://openalex.org/W1973344211","https://openalex.org/W1973979964","https://openalex.org/W1992901836","https://openalex.org/W2010205423","https://openalex.org/W2017806736","https://openalex.org/W2044827600","https://openalex.org/W2065647025","https://openalex.org/W2101840010","https://openalex.org/W2118332692","https://openalex.org/W2123673584","https://openalex.org/W2129393855","https://openalex.org/W2129477582","https://openalex.org/W2133318788","https://openalex.org/W2138240075","https://openalex.org/W2138246115","https://openalex.org/W2141589031","https://openalex.org/W2142954916","https://openalex.org/W2152484721","https://openalex.org/W2153090463","https://openalex.org/W2160616487","https://openalex.org/W2308321251","https://openalex.org/W2343899768","https://openalex.org/W2475978233","https://openalex.org/W2531413502","https://openalex.org/W2539443744","https://openalex.org/W2541388012","https://openalex.org/W2543098296","https://openalex.org/W2804041212","https://openalex.org/W2898092937","https://openalex.org/W2981656647","https://openalex.org/W3093327157","https://openalex.org/W3109149455","https://openalex.org/W3118826611","https://openalex.org/W3136463145","https://openalex.org/W6680851719","https://openalex.org/W6698179797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4282043467","https://openalex.org/W2105697914","https://openalex.org/W3093197249","https://openalex.org/W1968324288","https://openalex.org/W1540010871","https://openalex.org/W3023979140","https://openalex.org/W2904068067","https://openalex.org/W1565491139","https://openalex.org/W3132521424","https://openalex.org/W2047674091"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,99],"well-known":[2],"that":[3,123],"the":[4,16,26,32,41,74,86,90,93,103,110,114,124,134,159,171,191,198],"analog":[5],"FM":[6],"radio":[7],"channels":[8,18,111,153,174],"in":[9],"suburban":[10],"areas":[11],"are":[12],"underutilized.":[13],"Before":[14],"reallocating":[15],"unused":[17,75,131],"for":[19,69],"other":[20],"applications,":[21],"a":[22,57],"regulator":[23],"must":[24],"analyze":[25,46],"spectrum":[27,33,58,193],"occupancy.":[28],"Many":[29],"researchers":[30],"proposed":[31,125],"occupancy":[34],"models":[35,43],"to":[36,72,169],"find":[37,73],"vacant":[38],"spectrum.":[39],"However,":[40],"existing":[42],"do":[44],"not":[45],"each":[47,81],"channel":[48,70,126],"individually.":[49],"This":[50,188],"paper":[51],"proposes":[52],"an":[53,62],"approach":[54],"consisting":[55],"(i)":[56],"measurement":[59,78],"strategy,":[60],"(ii)":[61],"appropriate":[63],"decision":[64,97],"threshold,":[65],"and":[66,92,116,146,178,184],"(iii)":[67],"criteria":[68,108],"classification,":[71],"channels.":[76,132],"The":[77,96,107,120],"strategy":[79],"monitors":[80],"channel's":[82,105],"activity":[83],"by":[84],"capturing":[85],"power":[87,135],"levels":[88,136],"of":[89,137,144],"passband":[91],"guardband":[94],"separately.":[95],"threshold":[98],"selected":[100],"depending":[101],"on":[102,113,163],"monitored":[104],"activity.":[106],"classifies":[109],"based":[112,162],"passband's":[115,145],"guardband's":[117,147],"duty":[118,148,165],"cycles.":[119],"results":[121],"show":[122],"classification":[127],"can":[128],"identify":[129],"42":[130],"If":[133],"wholebands":[138],"(existing":[139],"model)":[140],"were":[141,154],"analyzed":[142],"instead":[143],"cycles,":[149],"only":[150],"24":[151],"unoccupied":[152],"found.":[155],"Furthermore,":[156],"we":[157],"propose":[158],"interference":[160,176,179],"criteria,":[161],"relative":[164],"cycles":[166],"across":[167],"channels,":[168,186],"classify":[170],"abnormally":[172],"used":[173],"into":[175],"sources":[177],"sinks,":[180],"which":[181],"have":[182],"16":[183],"15":[185],"respectively.":[187],"information":[189],"helps":[190],"dynamic":[192],"sharing":[194],"avoid":[195],"or":[196],"mitigate":[197],"interferences.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}