{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3172931637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113854","title":"Radar Transformer: An Object Classification Network Based on 4D MMW Imaging Radar","display_name":"Radar Transformer: An Object Classification Network Based on 4D MMW Imaging Radar","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3172931637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113854","mag":"3172931637","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34199676"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21113854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113854","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3854/pdf?version=1622726216","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3854/pdf?version=1622726216","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003696660","display_name":"Jie Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8531-5633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059478188","display_name":"Lianqing Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7186-4055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianqing Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100444232","display_name":"Sen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7850-1866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060850220","display_name":"Bin Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022776565","display_name":"Sihan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8394-9232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sihan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044840341","display_name":"Libo Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7878-3998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Libo Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Vehicles, School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044840341"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.4686,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95564731,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"11","first_page":"3854","last_page":"3854"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.6730707883834839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.672972559928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6618342995643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6008076667785645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-radar","display_name":"Doppler radar","score":0.5208742618560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4441480040550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4429449737071991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.440216600894928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1735929548740387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12890321016311646}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.6730707883834839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.672972559928894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6618342995643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6008076667785645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778559676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334213","display_name":"Doppler radar","level":3,"score":0.5208742618560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4441480040550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4429449737071991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.440216600894928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1735929548740387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12890321016311646}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21113854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113854","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3854/pdf?version=1622726216","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34199676","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34199676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:75b2d0c7b7dc41618df023e26c22e790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/75b2d0c7b7dc41618df023e26c22e790","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 11, p 3854 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/11/3854/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 11; Pages: 3854","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8199779","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8199779","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21113854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113854","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3854/pdf?version=1622726216","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3172931637.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3172931637.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1644641054","https://openalex.org/W1920022804","https://openalex.org/W2211722331","https://openalex.org/W2553307952","https://openalex.org/W2555618208","https://openalex.org/W2556802233","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2606202972","https://openalex.org/W2606987267","https://openalex.org/W2624503621","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2734871193","https://openalex.org/W2795014656","https://openalex.org/W2797463980","https://openalex.org/W2883603666","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2899771611","https://openalex.org/W2902980683","https://openalex.org/W2911109671","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2914625278","https://openalex.org/W2940664476","https://openalex.org/W2949455170","https://openalex.org/W2952789225","https://openalex.org/W2962928871","https://openalex.org/W2963121255","https://openalex.org/W2963231572","https://openalex.org/W2964342398","https://openalex.org/W2979750740","https://openalex.org/W2995042771","https://openalex.org/W3022469715","https://openalex.org/W3033210410","https://openalex.org/W3034263263","https://openalex.org/W3034885317","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3042170722","https://openalex.org/W3090139470","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3102240104","https://openalex.org/W3110931771","https://openalex.org/W3111535274","https://openalex.org/W3128655704","https://openalex.org/W3153465022","https://openalex.org/W4239025696","https://openalex.org/W6640300118","https://openalex.org/W6756040250"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2555581363","https://openalex.org/W2532305960","https://openalex.org/W2091887884","https://openalex.org/W4313855562","https://openalex.org/W4312199258","https://openalex.org/W2142793224","https://openalex.org/W2356511791","https://openalex.org/W2091422131","https://openalex.org/W4200360890","https://openalex.org/W2043430068"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automotive":[0],"millimeter-wave":[1],"(MMW)":[2],"radar":[3,44,111,131,159],"is":[4,154],"essential":[5],"in":[6,13],"autonomous":[7],"vehicles":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,58,95,114],"its":[11],"robustness":[12],"all":[14],"weather":[15],"conditions.":[16],"Traditional":[17],"commercial":[18],"automotive":[19],"radars":[20],"are":[21],"limited":[22],"by":[23],"their":[24],"resolution,":[25],"which":[26,153],"makes":[27],"the":[28,34,79,83,87,100,110,116,163],"object":[29,70],"classification":[30,71,132,149],"task":[31],"difficult.":[32],"Thus,":[33],"concept":[35],"of":[36,40,89,99,109,119,151],"a":[37,60],"new":[38],"generation":[39],"four-dimensional":[41],"(4D)":[42],"imaging":[43,130],"was":[45],"proposed.":[46],"It":[47],"has":[48],"high":[49],"azimuth":[50],"and":[51,54,85,92,105,123,134,168],"elevation":[52],"resolution":[53],"contains":[55],"Doppler":[56,103],"information":[57,108],"produce":[59],"high-quality":[61],"point":[62,112,160],"cloud.":[63],"In":[64],"this":[65],"paper,":[66],"we":[67],"propose":[68],"an":[69,129,147],"network":[72],"named":[73],"Radar":[74],"Transformer.":[75],"The":[76,138],"algorithm":[77],"takes":[78],"attention":[80,91,94,121,125],"mechanism":[81],"as":[82],"core":[84],"adopts":[86],"combination":[88],"vector":[90],"scalar":[93],"make":[96],"full":[97],"use":[98],"spatial":[101],"information,":[102,104],"reflection":[106],"intensity":[107],"cloud":[113],"realize":[115],"deep":[117,165],"fusion":[118],"local":[120],"features":[122],"global":[124],"features.":[126],"We":[127],"generated":[128],"dataset":[133],"completed":[135],"manual":[136],"annotation.":[137],"experimental":[139],"results":[140],"show":[141],"that":[142],"our":[143],"proposed":[144],"method":[145],"achieved":[146],"overall":[148],"accuracy":[150],"94.9%,":[152],"more":[155],"suitable":[156],"for":[157],"processing":[158],"clouds":[161],"than":[162],"popular":[164],"learning":[166],"frameworks":[167],"shows":[169],"promising":[170],"performance.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-29T08:15:47.926485","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
