{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3169125662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113834","title":"Decision Confidence Assessment in Multi-Class Classification","display_name":"Decision Confidence Assessment in Multi-Class Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3169125662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113834","mag":"3169125662","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34206022"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21113834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113834","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3834/pdf?version=1622546034","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3834/pdf?version=1622546034","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008811992","display_name":"Micha\u0142 Bukowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1567-879X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170230895","display_name":"Warsaw University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05srvzs48","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170230895"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Micha\u0142 Bukowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1567-879X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170230895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023404295","display_name":"Jaros\u0142aw Kurek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-4732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170230895","display_name":"Warsaw University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05srvzs48","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170230895"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jaros\u0142aw Kurek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-4732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170230895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024854265","display_name":"Izabella Antoniuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3157-3381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170230895","display_name":"Warsaw University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05srvzs48","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170230895"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Izabella Antoniuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3157-3381","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170230895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063114898","display_name":"Albina Jegorowa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-845X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170230895","display_name":"Warsaw University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05srvzs48","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170230895"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albina Jegorowa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-845X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170230895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023404295"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170230895"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.9778,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72641126,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"11","first_page":"3834","last_page":"3834"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7333595752716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6766893863677979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.6553657054901123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5827628374099731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5535444021224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5279682874679565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.42259421944618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4032735228538513}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7333595752716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6766893863677979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.6553657054901123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5827628374099731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5535444021224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5279682874679565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42259421944618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4032735228538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21113834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113834","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3834/pdf?version=1622546034","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34206022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34206022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fe93f61d0b2f403faf715ad0eb91c697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fe93f61d0b2f403faf715ad0eb91c697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 11, p 3834 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/11/3834/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 11; Pages: 3834","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8198584","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8198584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21113834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113834","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3834/pdf?version=1622546034","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169125662.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169125662.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1584161386","https://openalex.org/W1971014813","https://openalex.org/W1977279794","https://openalex.org/W2027595890","https://openalex.org/W2065008425","https://openalex.org/W2070708160","https://openalex.org/W2116903259","https://openalex.org/W2158262405","https://openalex.org/W2768348081","https://openalex.org/W2809925683","https://openalex.org/W2899675781","https://openalex.org/W2936340011","https://openalex.org/W2941912843","https://openalex.org/W3095977387","https://openalex.org/W3113193358","https://openalex.org/W3116712234","https://openalex.org/W3127221796","https://openalex.org/W3207893601","https://openalex.org/W6745609711"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000785801","https://openalex.org/W986318368","https://openalex.org/W2384410913","https://openalex.org/W2352878646","https://openalex.org/W2004734601","https://openalex.org/W2130149817","https://openalex.org/W2990194547","https://openalex.org/W1480123525","https://openalex.org/W2620865396","https://openalex.org/W2414054180"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,61,88,139],"novel":[4],"approach":[5,57],"to":[6,51,76,91,148],"the":[7,28,37,41,52,67,72,94,109,113,116,123,131,159,165,186,194],"assessment":[8],"of":[9,43,69,83,104,115,151,164],"decision":[10,105],"confidence":[11,173],"when":[12],"multi-class":[13],"recognition":[14],"is":[15,35,111],"concerned.":[16],"When":[17],"many":[18],"classification":[19,125,160],"problems":[20],"are":[21,175],"considered,":[22],"while":[23,78],"eliminating":[24],"human":[25,44,73,140],"interaction":[26],"with":[27],"system":[29],"might":[30],"be":[31,127,135,145],"one":[32],"goal,":[33],"it":[34],"not":[36],"only":[38],"possible":[39],"option-lessening":[40],"workload":[42],"experts":[45],"can":[46,144,154],"also":[47,155],"bring":[48],"huge":[49],"improvement":[50],"production":[53],"process.":[54],"The":[55,142,180],"presented":[56],"focuses":[58,97],"on":[59,98,158,169],"providing":[60,189],"tool":[62],"that":[63,71,178],"will":[64],"significantly":[65],"decrease":[66],"amount":[68],"work":[70],"expert":[74],"needs":[75],"conduct":[77],"evaluating":[79,99],"different":[80],"samples.":[81],"Instead":[82],"hard":[84],"classification,":[85],"which":[86],"assigns":[87],"single":[89],"label":[90],"each":[92,100],"class,":[93],"described":[95],"solution":[96],"case":[101,114],"in":[102,112,177],"terms":[103],"confidence-checking":[106],"how":[107],"sure":[108],"classifier":[110],"currently":[117],"processed":[118],"example,":[119],"and":[120],"deciding":[121],"if":[122,130],"final":[124,195],"should":[126,133],"performed,":[128],"or":[129,162],"sample":[132],"instead":[134],"manually":[136],"evaluated":[137,176],"by":[138],"expert.":[141],"method":[143],"easily":[146],"adjusted":[147],"any":[149],"number":[150],"classes.":[152],"It":[153],"focus":[156],"either":[157],"accuracy":[161],"coverage":[163],"used":[166],"dataset,":[167],"depending":[168],"user":[170],"preferences.":[171],"Different":[172],"functions":[174],"aspect.":[179],"results":[181],"obtained":[182],"during":[183],"experiments":[184],"meet":[185],"initial":[187],"criteria,":[188],"an":[190],"acceptable":[191],"quality":[192],"for":[193],"solution.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}