{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3164125605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113662","title":"LightGBM Indoor Positioning Method Based on Merged Wi-Fi and Image Fingerprints","display_name":"LightGBM Indoor Positioning Method Based on Merged Wi-Fi and Image Fingerprints","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3164125605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113662","mag":"3164125605","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34070259"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21113662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113662","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3662/pdf?version=1621922044","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3662/pdf?version=1621922044","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101905660","display_name":"Huiqing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9729-0961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144399","display_name":"China Society for Urban Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03ajz9454","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144399"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huiqing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Laboratory for Urban Mass Transit, Beijing 100124, China","Engineering Research Center of Digital Community, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China","Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory for Urban Mass Transit, Beijing 100124, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Digital Community, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049304171","display_name":"Yueqing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7422-9631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144399","display_name":"China Society for Urban Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/03ajz9454","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144399"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yueqing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Laboratory for Urban Mass Transit, Beijing 100124, China","Engineering Research Center of Digital Community, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China","Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory for Urban Mass Transit, Beijing 100124, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Digital Community, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049304171"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252","https://openalex.org/I4210144399"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.9642,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72352973,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"11","first_page":"3662","last_page":"3662"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.7657302618026733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.691710352897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6751765012741089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5537161827087402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5193361043930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.5140634775161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.46142083406448364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4592336118221283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.45493751764297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.16753152012825012}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.7657302618026733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.691710352897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6751765012741089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5537161827087402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5193361043930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.5140634775161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.46142083406448364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4592336118221283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.45493751764297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.16753152012825012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21113662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113662","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3662/pdf?version=1621922044","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34070259","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34070259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:54dd4013d1274d8c8488f3e0a4248129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/54dd4013d1274d8c8488f3e0a4248129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 11, p 3662 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/11/3662/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113662","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 11; Pages: 3662","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8197300","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8197300","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21113662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113662","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3662/pdf?version=1621922044","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1043315956","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018ZX07111005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335682","funder_display_name":"Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335682","display_name":"Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164125605.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164125605.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015972445","https://openalex.org/W2038505793","https://openalex.org/W2050042443","https://openalex.org/W2090702298","https://openalex.org/W2091027325","https://openalex.org/W2157665065","https://openalex.org/W2158683916","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2205690070","https://openalex.org/W2278572312","https://openalex.org/W2294748733","https://openalex.org/W2342508561","https://openalex.org/W2460055519","https://openalex.org/W2508380290","https://openalex.org/W2582484657","https://openalex.org/W2584731199","https://openalex.org/W2607595839","https://openalex.org/W2614601329","https://openalex.org/W2616772019","https://openalex.org/W2726800493","https://openalex.org/W2766892407","https://openalex.org/W2770855866","https://openalex.org/W2789600386","https://openalex.org/W2801607837","https://openalex.org/W2802468127","https://openalex.org/W2805440904","https://openalex.org/W2884692898","https://openalex.org/W2894354693","https://openalex.org/W2903835995","https://openalex.org/W2905430872","https://openalex.org/W2921530591","https://openalex.org/W2944147867","https://openalex.org/W2944307380","https://openalex.org/W2951844748","https://openalex.org/W3006400287","https://openalex.org/W3008306575","https://openalex.org/W3138597573","https://openalex.org/W3139216707","https://openalex.org/W3153080985","https://openalex.org/W4236342787","https://openalex.org/W6754921600"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014822659","https://openalex.org/W2117826006","https://openalex.org/W1621827506","https://openalex.org/W4362496757","https://openalex.org/W2051501574","https://openalex.org/W2124627279","https://openalex.org/W2050967184","https://openalex.org/W2566091814","https://openalex.org/W2114937328","https://openalex.org/W2148654711"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smartphones":[0],"are":[1,15,114],"increasingly":[2],"becoming":[3],"an":[4,139,148],"efficient":[5],"platform":[6],"for":[7],"solving":[8],"indoor":[9,28,60],"positioning":[10,13,45,67,119,141,157,175],"problems.":[11],"Fingerprint-based":[12],"methods":[14],"popular":[16],"because":[17],"of":[18,22,33,58,100,110,159,168],"the":[19,31,56,90,94,101,105,111,117,156,160,173,177,186],"wide":[20],"deployment":[21],"wireless":[23],"local":[24,106],"area":[25],"networks":[26],"in":[27,147],"environments":[29],"and":[30,43,73,86,104,134,185],"lack":[32],"model":[34],"propagation":[35],"paths.":[36],"However,":[37],"Wi-Fi":[38,71,102],"fingerprint":[39,87,103,118],"information":[40,75],"is":[41,47,127,145,163,179,188,202],"singular,":[42],"its":[44],"accuracy":[46,158,178],"typically":[48],"2-10":[49],"m;":[50],"thus,":[51],"it":[52],"struggles":[53],"to":[54,76,137],"meet":[55],"requirements":[57],"high-precision":[59],"positioning.":[61,88],"Therefore,":[62],"this":[63],"paper":[64],"proposes":[65],"a":[66,121,166],"algorithm":[68,80],"that":[69,155],"combines":[70],"fingerprints":[72],"visual":[74],"generate":[77],"fingerprints.":[78],"The":[79,143,151,198],"involves":[81],"two":[82],"steps:":[83],"merged-fingerprint":[84,91],"generation":[85,92],"In":[89,116],"stage,":[93,120],"kernel":[95],"principal":[96],"component":[97],"analysis":[98],"feature":[99,132],"binary":[107],"pattern":[108],"features":[109],"scene":[112],"image":[113],"fused.":[115],"light":[122],"gradient":[123],"boosting":[124],"machine":[125],"(LightGBM)":[126],"trained":[128],"with":[129,172,195],"mutually":[130],"exclusive":[131],"bundling":[133],"histogram":[135],"optimization":[136],"obtain":[138],"accurate":[140],"model.":[142],"method":[144,162],"tested":[146],"actual":[149],"environment.":[150],"experimental":[152],"results":[153],"show":[154],"LightGBM":[161],"90%":[164],"within":[165],"range":[167],"1.53":[169],"m.":[170,204],"Compared":[171],"single-fingerprint":[174],"method,":[176],"improved":[180,189],"by":[181,190],"more":[182,191],"than":[183,192],"20%,":[184],"performance":[187],"15%":[193],"compared":[194],"other":[196],"methods.":[197],"average":[199],"locating":[200],"error":[201],"0.78":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}