{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3164794849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113589","title":"Bluetooth 5.1: An Analysis of Direction Finding Capability for High-Precision Location Services","display_name":"Bluetooth 5.1: An Analysis of Direction Finding Capability for High-Precision Location Services","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3164794849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113589","mag":"3164794849","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34064147"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21113589","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113589","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3589/pdf?version=1621845534","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3589/pdf?version=1621845534","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088652333","display_name":"Giovanni Pau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5798-398X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I246010334","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Enna Kore","ror":"https://ror.org/04vd28p53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I246010334"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Pau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5798-398X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I246010334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046822054","display_name":"Fabio Arena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6656-1797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I246010334","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Enna Kore","ror":"https://ror.org/04vd28p53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I246010334"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Arena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6656-1797","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I246010334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017706867","display_name":"Yonas Engida Gebremariam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-256X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonas Engida Gebremariam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017792460","display_name":"Ilsun You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0604-3445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ilsun You","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea","Department of Information Security Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0604-3445","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017792460"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":9.1506,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":112,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98582615,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"11","first_page":"3589","last_page":"3589"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.8535222411155701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.7975201606750488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angle-of-arrival","display_name":"Angle of arrival","score":0.6464595794677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6377442479133606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traceability","display_name":"Traceability","score":0.5737276077270508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.44808757305145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4203309714794159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.35865530371665955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.28341227769851685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.24827280640602112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.17076468467712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.11093813180923462}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.8535222411155701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.7975201606750488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13545353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4763363","display_name":"Angle of arrival","level":3,"score":0.6464595794677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6377442479133606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.5737276077270508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.44808757305145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4203309714794159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.35865530371665955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.28341227769851685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.24827280640602112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.17076468467712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.11093813180923462}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21113589","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113589","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3589/pdf?version=1621845534","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34064147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34064147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:ark:/13030/qt1fw3d6zq","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7ecc16d7b43e49e19d31666787d8db45","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7ecc16d7b43e49e19d31666787d8db45","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 11, p 3589 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt1fw3d6zq","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1fw3d6zq","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, vol 21, iss 11","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/11/3589/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 11; Pages: 3589","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8196737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8196737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21113589","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113589","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3589/pdf?version=1621845534","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321301","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164794849.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164794849.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998514859","https://openalex.org/W2053162971","https://openalex.org/W2460243802","https://openalex.org/W2734803290","https://openalex.org/W2746311982","https://openalex.org/W2805536616","https://openalex.org/W2810403017","https://openalex.org/W2909823930","https://openalex.org/W2913629656","https://openalex.org/W2921125175","https://openalex.org/W2921597243","https://openalex.org/W2963891418","https://openalex.org/W2968250721","https://openalex.org/W2982399527","https://openalex.org/W2996006531","https://openalex.org/W2996733399","https://openalex.org/W3010770115","https://openalex.org/W3013152229","https://openalex.org/W3013492026","https://openalex.org/W3020407324","https://openalex.org/W3020422052","https://openalex.org/W3021626332","https://openalex.org/W3023284552","https://openalex.org/W3035587363","https://openalex.org/W3047582854","https://openalex.org/W3083979477","https://openalex.org/W3092357241","https://openalex.org/W3092602809","https://openalex.org/W3096167185","https://openalex.org/W3096612792","https://openalex.org/W3098590820","https://openalex.org/W3099513878","https://openalex.org/W3105774709","https://openalex.org/W3107964466","https://openalex.org/W3108229830","https://openalex.org/W3108261254","https://openalex.org/W3111367006","https://openalex.org/W3119367963","https://openalex.org/W3126324544","https://openalex.org/W4288124122","https://openalex.org/W6786443345","https://openalex.org/W6786487628","https://openalex.org/W6790639894"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2582981600","https://openalex.org/W4389238932","https://openalex.org/W4387467152","https://openalex.org/W4212885212","https://openalex.org/W4379115910","https://openalex.org/W3010413952","https://openalex.org/W4253989935","https://openalex.org/W4242093584","https://openalex.org/W2365945961","https://openalex.org/W2369540926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,23,134],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3],"in-depth":[4],"overview":[5],"of":[6,35,41,60,66,147],"the":[7,17,33,39,58,86,105,122,140],"Bluetooth":[8,18,96],"5.1":[9],"Direction":[10],"Finding":[11],"standard's":[12],"potentials,":[13],"thanks":[14],"to":[15,27,48,89,157],"enhancing":[16],"Low":[19],"Energy":[20],"(BLE)":[21],"firmware.":[22],"improvement":[24,141],"allows":[25,138],"producers":[26],"create":[28],"location":[29],"applications":[30,131,155],"based":[31],"on":[32],"Angle":[34,40],"Departure":[36],"(AoD)":[37],"and":[38,63,77,108,117,128,149],"Arrival":[42],"(AoA).":[43],"Accordingly,":[44],"it":[45],"is":[46,93],"conceivable":[47],"design":[49],"proper":[50],"Indoor":[51],"Positioning":[52],"Systems":[53],"(IPS),":[54],"for":[55,57,120],"instance,":[56],"traceability":[59],"resources,":[61],"assets,":[62,159],"people.":[64],"First":[65],"all,":[67],"Radio":[68],"Frequency":[69],"(RF)":[70],"radiogoniometry":[71],"techniques,":[72],"helpful":[73],"in":[74,82,168],"calculating":[75],"AoA":[76],"AoD":[78],"angles,":[79],"are":[80,111,125,132,173],"introduced":[81],"this":[83,144],"paper.":[84],"Subsequently,":[85],"topic":[87],"relating":[88],"signal":[90],"direction":[91],"estimation":[92],"deepened.":[94],"The":[95],"Core":[97],"Specification":[98],"updates":[99],"concerning":[100,154],"version":[101],"5.1,":[102],"both":[103],"at":[104],"packet":[106],"architecture":[107],"prototyping":[109],"levels,":[110],"also":[112,174],"reported.":[113],"Some":[114,164],"suitable":[115],"platforms":[116],"development":[118],"kits":[119],"running":[121],"new":[123,145],"features":[124],"then":[126],"presented,":[127],"some":[129],"basic":[130],"illustrated.":[133],"paper's":[135],"final":[136],"part":[137],"ascertaining":[139],"made":[142],"by":[143],"definition":[146],"BLE":[148],"possible":[150],"future":[151],"developments,":[152],"especially":[153],"related":[156],"devices,":[158],"or":[160],"people's":[161],"indoor":[162],"localization.":[163],"preliminary":[165],"results":[166],"gathered":[167],"a":[169],"real":[170],"evaluation":[171],"scenario":[172],"presented.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
