{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3162748615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21103551","title":"Device-Free Human Activity Recognition with Low-Resolution Infrared Array Sensor Using Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network","display_name":"Device-Free Human Activity Recognition with Low-Resolution Infrared Array Sensor Using Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3162748615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21103551","mag":"3162748615","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34065183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21103551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21103551","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/10/3551/pdf?version=1621483544","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/10/3551/pdf?version=1621483544","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087601521","display_name":"Cunyi Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3722-6997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cunyi Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100394829","display_name":"Jing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8305-9291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jing Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8305-9291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066672362","display_name":"Xiren Miao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiren Miao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039502751","display_name":"Hao Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6902-9245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6902-9245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004473227","display_name":"Deying Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3675-474X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deying Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100394829"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.0554,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91754887,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"10","first_page":"3551","last_page":"3551"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9642999768257141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.9559000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.5853344798088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5222866535186768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.473135381937027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.46857357025146484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-array","display_name":"Sensor array","score":0.42420512437820435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4049878716468811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39577507972717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.1518610715866089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.10057821869850159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09785059094429016}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.5853344798088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5222866535186768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.473135381937027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.46857357025146484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66251956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451086","display_name":"Sensor array","level":2,"score":0.42420512437820435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4049878716468811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39577507972717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1518610715866089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.10057821869850159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09785059094429016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006802","descriptor_name":"Human Activities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006802","descriptor_name":"Human Activities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006802","descriptor_name":"Human Activities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006802","descriptor_name":"Human Activities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057567","descriptor_name":"Memory, Long-Term","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057567","descriptor_name":"Memory, Long-Term","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21103551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21103551","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/10/3551/pdf?version=1621483544","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34065183","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34065183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6b4f8a03f0af4a2481bac2e843648592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6b4f8a03f0af4a2481bac2e843648592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 10, p 3551 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/10/3551/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 10; Pages: 3551","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8161224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8161224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21103551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21103551","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/10/3551/pdf?version=1621483544","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324851","display_name":"Hebei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01p884a79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326691","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330487","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3162748615.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3162748615.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975681677","https://openalex.org/W1980100242","https://openalex.org/W1989665047","https://openalex.org/W2051680981","https://openalex.org/W2057891618","https://openalex.org/W2059363368","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2069373269","https://openalex.org/W2099052794","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2125628414","https://openalex.org/W2135787934","https://openalex.org/W2160777086","https://openalex.org/W2168538666","https://openalex.org/W2288900513","https://openalex.org/W2344160634","https://openalex.org/W2404247879","https://openalex.org/W2550681295","https://openalex.org/W2552947231","https://openalex.org/W2584624128","https://openalex.org/W2594230123","https://openalex.org/W2610646334","https://openalex.org/W2620629206","https://openalex.org/W2688993703","https://openalex.org/W2774758659","https://openalex.org/W2783409985","https://openalex.org/W2802284795","https://openalex.org/W2895495973","https://openalex.org/W2897914496","https://openalex.org/W2903350505","https://openalex.org/W2905420195","https://openalex.org/W2910050442","https://openalex.org/W2965815071","https://openalex.org/W2997876070","https://openalex.org/W3015442482","https://openalex.org/W3034178407","https://openalex.org/W3082979025","https://openalex.org/W6625240504","https://openalex.org/W6663537612"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2980611886","https://openalex.org/W42295635","https://openalex.org/W1973996291","https://openalex.org/W2330575325","https://openalex.org/W2163803519","https://openalex.org/W2497592525","https://openalex.org/W3096145648","https://openalex.org/W3197510923","https://openalex.org/W2370579019","https://openalex.org/W2374614594"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sensor-based":[0],"human":[1],"activity":[2],"recognition":[3,120,148],"(HAR)":[4],"has":[5],"attracted":[6],"enormous":[7],"interests":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,53,93,109,160],"its":[11],"wide":[12],"applications":[13],"in":[14],"the":[15,37,46,55,66,70,74,82,88,95,114,119,124,132,139,147,161],"Internet":[16],"of":[17,50,69,76,81,150],"Things":[18],"(IoT),":[19],"smart":[20],"homes":[21],"and":[22,63,87,117,166],"healthcare.":[23],"In":[24,122],"this":[25],"paper,":[26],"a":[27,79,102,156,169],"low-resolution":[28],"infrared":[29,47,56,96,115],"array":[30,48],"sensor-based":[31],"HAR":[32,126],"approach":[33,154],"is":[34,91,107,128],"proposed":[35,153],"using":[36],"deep":[38],"learning":[39,164],"framework.":[40],"The":[41,152],"device-free":[42],"sensing":[43],"system":[44],"leverages":[45],"sensor":[49],"8\u00d78":[51],"pixels":[52],"collect":[54],"signals,":[57],"which":[58],"can":[59,143],"ensure":[60],"users'":[61],"privacy":[62],"effectively":[64],"reduce":[65,73],"deployment":[67],"cost":[68],"network.":[71],"To":[72],"influence":[75],"temperature":[77],"variations,":[78],"combination":[80],"J-filter":[83],"noise":[84],"reduction":[85],"method":[86],"Butterworth":[89],"filter":[90],"performed":[92],"preprocess":[94],"signals.":[97],"Long":[98],"short-term":[99],"memory":[100],"(LSTM),":[101],"representative":[103],"recurrent":[104],"neural":[105],"network,":[106],"utilized":[108],"automatically":[110],"extract":[111],"characteristics":[112],"from":[113],"signal":[116],"build":[118],"model.":[121,134],"addition,":[123],"real-time":[125],"interface":[127],"designed":[129],"by":[130],"embedding":[131],"LSTM":[133],"Experimental":[135],"results":[136],"show":[137],"that":[138],"typical":[140],"daily":[141],"activities":[142],"be":[144],"classified":[145],"with":[146],"accuracy":[149],"98.287%.":[151],"yields":[155],"better":[157],"result":[158],"compared":[159],"existing":[162],"machine":[163],"methods,":[165],"it":[167],"provides":[168],"low-cost":[170],"yet":[171],"promising":[172],"solution":[173],"for":[174],"privacy-preserving":[175],"scenarios.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}