{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157285409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093228","title":"A Systematic Review of Location Aware Schemes in the Internet of Things","display_name":"A Systematic Review of Location Aware Schemes in the Internet of Things","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157285409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093228","mag":"3157285409","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34066614"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21093228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093228","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3228/pdf?version=1620445810","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3228/pdf?version=1620445810","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056242093","display_name":"Muneeb A. Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8965-2790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muneeb A. Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 31066, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8965-2790","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 31066, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085362362","display_name":"Abdul Saboor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6512-1562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Saboor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6512-1562","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100601077","display_name":"Hyunchul Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8006-9504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyun-chul Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 31066, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 31066, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003655177","display_name":"Heemin Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4010-232X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157264075","display_name":"Sangmyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01x4whx42","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heemin Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 31066, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4010-232X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 31066, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003655177"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157264075"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":2.1822,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91459075,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"9","first_page":"3228","last_page":"3228"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.659338116645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5185109376907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.473941832780838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.42359495162963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3591022789478302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.34574031829833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3317970633506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3231385350227356}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.659338116645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5185109376907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.473941832780838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.42359495162963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3591022789478302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.34574031829833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3317970633506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3231385350227356}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21093228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093228","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3228/pdf?version=1620445810","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34066614","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34066614","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/682078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/682078","pdf_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/e6e60aec-4472-41c9-8cd4-413033fbb885","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, vol. 21 (9), Art.No. ARTN 3228","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:71ace2afffc248a380dd416665a04871","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/71ace2afffc248a380dd416665a04871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 9, p 3228 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/9/3228/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 9; Pages: 3228","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8125132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8125132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21093228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093228","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3228/pdf?version=1620445810","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8529751342","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2019R1F1A1058951","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157285409.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157285409.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":129,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W766082629","https://openalex.org/W1489200106","https://openalex.org/W1704357350","https://openalex.org/W1981446472","https://openalex.org/W2001995584","https://openalex.org/W2005501262","https://openalex.org/W2045958807","https://openalex.org/W2077370835","https://openalex.org/W2090927183","https://openalex.org/W2125691265","https://openalex.org/W2264043765","https://openalex.org/W2284922628","https://openalex.org/W2287252941","https://openalex.org/W2329171964","https://openalex.org/W2337909812","https://openalex.org/W2379838048","https://openalex.org/W2460055519","https://openalex.org/W2462861516","https://openalex.org/W2537347614","https://openalex.org/W2547936600","https://openalex.org/W2549011498","https://openalex.org/W2557998141","https://openalex.org/W2562522049","https://openalex.org/W2580651071","https://openalex.org/W2593608225","https://openalex.org/W2602204986","https://openalex.org/W2605915281","https://openalex.org/W2612506043","https://openalex.org/W2621125221","https://openalex.org/W2727902524","https://openalex.org/W2748304916","https://openalex.org/W2754032630","https://openalex.org/W2765081047","https://openalex.org/W2765150796","https://openalex.org/W2766562347","https://openalex.org/W2766648514","https://openalex.org/W2770832673","https://openalex.org/W2777535382","https://openalex.org/W2777658955","https://openalex.org/W2783760871","https://openalex.org/W2790167672","https://openalex.org/W2790621587","https://openalex.org/W2791124749","https://openalex.org/W2791223142","https://openalex.org/W2792015233","https://openalex.org/W2793241364","https://openalex.org/W2799709097","https://openalex.org/W2801117313","https://openalex.org/W2803641038","https://openalex.org/W2865103122","https://openalex.org/W2884935215","https://openalex.org/W2886572989","https://openalex.org/W2887793532","https://openalex.org/W2888525032","https://openalex.org/W2889049333","https://openalex.org/W2890475204","https://openalex.org/W2896075375","https://openalex.org/W2896493820","https://openalex.org/W2897768564","https://openalex.org/W2900463819","https://openalex.org/W2903104704","https://openalex.org/W2904703393","https://openalex.org/W2910423618","https://openalex.org/W2913988063","https://openalex.org/W2914368608","https://openalex.org/W2914940294","https://openalex.org/W2916641566","https://openalex.org/W2918670247","https://openalex.org/W2920500850","https://openalex.org/W2920794757","https://openalex.org/W2920823420","https://openalex.org/W2935742779","https://openalex.org/W2939953460","https://openalex.org/W2941015878","https://openalex.org/W2945254213","https://openalex.org/W2945895672","https://openalex.org/W2945972880","https://openalex.org/W2946725727","https://openalex.org/W2951694401","https://openalex.org/W2952732400","https://openalex.org/W2955809904","https://openalex.org/W2963422046","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W2964063875","https://openalex.org/W2964205631","https://openalex.org/W2966964718","https://openalex.org/W2967392882","https://openalex.org/W2968538734","https://openalex.org/W2969389381","https://openalex.org/W2969740877","https://openalex.org/W2970014731","https://openalex.org/W2973584236","https://openalex.org/W2978716864","https://openalex.org/W2981568921","https://openalex.org/W2983658668","https://openalex.org/W2984353568","https://openalex.org/W2991792334","https://openalex.org/W2992647966","https://openalex.org/W2993170066","https://openalex.org/W2993515263","https://openalex.org/W2994638362","https://openalex.org/W2995177522","https://openalex.org/W2997071385","https://openalex.org/W2997925029","https://openalex.org/W2998953211","https://openalex.org/W2999061234","https://openalex.org/W2999826310","https://openalex.org/W3000065826","https://openalex.org/W3000738718","https://openalex.org/W3001565854","https://openalex.org/W3003175444","https://openalex.org/W3003651800","https://openalex.org/W3003983087","https://openalex.org/W3004986376","https://openalex.org/W3005010087","https://openalex.org/W3006400287","https://openalex.org/W3009570207","https://openalex.org/W3011172658","https://openalex.org/W3012150009","https://openalex.org/W3015240354","https://openalex.org/W3017456190","https://openalex.org/W3021397286","https://openalex.org/W3025122780","https://openalex.org/W3135790561","https://openalex.org/W4236351242","https://openalex.org/W6734445705","https://openalex.org/W6745611118","https://openalex.org/W6761422258","https://openalex.org/W6766372611"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W2950174689","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W2921026492","https://openalex.org/W4247463117","https://openalex.org/W4361251261","https://openalex.org/W3031181660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,112],"rapid":[1],"development":[2],"in":[3,46,85,137],"wireless":[4,59],"technologies":[5],"is":[6,22,110],"positioning":[7],"the":[8,25,33,80,91,108,126,134],"Internet":[9],"of":[10,17,24,43,94,101],"Things":[11],"(IoT)":[12],"as":[13],"an":[14,115],"essential":[15],"part":[16],"our":[18],"daily":[19],"lives.":[20],"Localization":[21],"one":[23],"most":[26],"attractive":[27],"applications":[28],"related":[29],"to":[30,64],"IoT.":[31,86],"In":[32],"past":[34],"few":[35],"years,":[36],"localization":[37,83,104],"has":[38],"been":[39],"gaining":[40],"attention":[41],"because":[42],"its":[44],"applicability":[45],"safety,":[47],"health":[48],"monitoring,":[49,51],"environment":[50],"and":[52,122],"security.":[53],"As":[54],"a":[55,98],"result,":[56],"various":[57],"localization-based":[58],"frameworks":[60],"are":[61,131],"being":[62],"presented":[63,132],"improve":[65],"such":[66],"applications'":[67],"performances":[68],"based":[69,106],"on":[70,107],"specific":[71],"key":[72],"performance":[73,120],"indicators":[74],"(KPIs).":[75],"Therefore,":[76],"this":[77,88,138],"paper":[78,89],"explores":[79],"recently":[81,102],"proposed":[82,103],"schemes":[84,105],"Initially,":[87],"explains":[90],"major":[92],"KPIs":[93,109],"localization.":[95],"After":[96],"that,":[97],"thorough":[99],"comparison":[100,113],"presented.":[111],"includes":[114],"overview,":[116],"architecture,":[117],"network":[118],"structure,":[119],"parameters,":[121],"target":[123],"KPIs.":[124],"At":[125],"end,":[127],"possible":[128],"future":[129],"directions":[130],"for":[133],"researchers":[135],"working":[136],"domain.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}