{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157489416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093152","title":"Road Extraction from High Resolution Remote Sensing Images Based on Vector Field Learning","display_name":"Road Extraction from High Resolution Remote Sensing Images Based on Vector Field Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157489416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093152","mag":"3157489416","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34062917"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21093152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093152","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3152/pdf?version=1619875496","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3152/pdf?version=1619875496","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049939779","display_name":"Peng Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2056-5346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100644664","display_name":"Wenzhong Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3886-7027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenzhong Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013487630","display_name":"Yixing Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-136X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixing Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-136X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100415122","display_name":"Zhiqiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2951-6150"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Piesat Information Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100195, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Piesat Information Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100195, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039629779","display_name":"Haolu Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-4792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haolv Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100644664"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.8317,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68446446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"9","first_page":"3152","last_page":"3152"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-map","display_name":"Vector map","score":0.6333256363868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","score":0.6113674640655518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6061847805976868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5895767211914062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5541853904724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-information-system","display_name":"Geographic information system","score":0.539740264415741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.4842097759246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.48163357377052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4722634553909302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.45155298709869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.44844868779182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.43739235401153564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3643673062324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.326354056596756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3234999179840088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20713484287261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10038876533508301}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177292542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q440959","display_name":"Vector map","level":2,"score":0.6333256363868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.6113674640655518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6061847805976868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5895767211914062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5541853904724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.539740264415741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.4842097759246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.48163357377052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4722634553909302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.45155298709869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.44844868779182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.43739235401153564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3643673062324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.326354056596756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3234999179840088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20713484287261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10038876533508301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21093152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093152","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3152/pdf?version=1619875496","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34062917","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34062917","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4dfe7dbfa0834ed289324ee08a478b35","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4dfe7dbfa0834ed289324ee08a478b35","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 9, p 3152 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/91288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/91288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/9/3152/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 9; Pages: 3152","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8125584","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8125584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21093152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093152","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3152/pdf?version=1619875496","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G90881182","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFC0213600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157489416.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157489416.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2078219094","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2548390752","https://openalex.org/W2554423077","https://openalex.org/W2557889580","https://openalex.org/W2593886839","https://openalex.org/W2772415238","https://openalex.org/W2774320778","https://openalex.org/W2786492053","https://openalex.org/W2790444446","https://openalex.org/W2804199516","https://openalex.org/W2808349600","https://openalex.org/W2890554434","https://openalex.org/W2891422174","https://openalex.org/W2893801697","https://openalex.org/W2896446634","https://openalex.org/W2900680440","https://openalex.org/W2901082355","https://openalex.org/W2902494497","https://openalex.org/W2908020915","https://openalex.org/W2911205309","https://openalex.org/W2914974669","https://openalex.org/W2921406441","https://openalex.org/W2921476973","https://openalex.org/W2943153115","https://openalex.org/W2945957599","https://openalex.org/W2952632681","https://openalex.org/W2962978395","https://openalex.org/W2967073193","https://openalex.org/W2974589600","https://openalex.org/W2975194617","https://openalex.org/W2979796099","https://openalex.org/W2981683113","https://openalex.org/W2995969896","https://openalex.org/W3031562395","https://openalex.org/W3035326800","https://openalex.org/W3047305092","https://openalex.org/W3103010481"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2041618895","https://openalex.org/W2361847798","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2526137729","https://openalex.org/W2071897874","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W1970033121","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W2348748744","https://openalex.org/W2909079655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"and":[1,18,25,78],"up-to-date":[2],"road":[3,62,71,84,107,117],"network":[4],"information":[5],"is":[6,49,113,128],"very":[7],"important":[8],"for":[9,52],"the":[10,68,82,96,104,111,116,122],"Geographic":[11],"Information":[12],"System":[13],"(GIS)":[14],"database,":[15],"traffic":[16],"management":[17],"planning,":[19],"automatic":[20],"vehicle":[21],"navigation,":[22],"emergency":[23],"response":[24],"urban":[26],"pollution":[27],"sources":[28],"investigation.":[29],"In":[30,64],"this":[31],"paper,":[32],"we":[33],"use":[34],"vector":[35,74,97],"field":[36,112],"learning":[37,86],"to":[38,66,101],"extract":[39],"roads":[40],"from":[41],"high":[42],"resolution":[43],"remote":[44],"sensing":[45],"imaging.":[46],"This":[47],"method":[48],"usually":[50],"used":[51,60],"skeleton":[53],"extraction":[54],"in":[55,61,115],"nature":[56],"image,":[57],"but":[58],"seldom":[59],"extraction.":[63],"order":[65],"improve":[67,103],"accuracy":[69,105],"of":[70,106],"extraction,":[72,108],"three":[73],"fields":[75,98],"are":[76,99],"constructed":[77,114],"combined":[79],"respectively":[80],"with":[81,134],"normal":[83],"mask":[85,137],"by":[87,131],"a":[88],"two-task":[89],"network.":[90],"The":[91,124],"results":[92],"show":[93],"that":[94],"all":[95],"able":[100],"significantly":[102],"no":[109],"matter":[110],"area":[118],"or":[119],"completely":[120],"outside":[121],"road.":[123],"highest":[125],"F1":[126],"score":[127],"0.7618,":[129],"increased":[130],"0.053":[132],"compared":[133],"using":[135],"only":[136],"learning.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
