{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158616720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093140","title":"Subpixel Matching Using Double-Precision Gradient-Based Method for Digital Image Correlation","display_name":"Subpixel Matching Using Double-Precision Gradient-Based Method for Digital Image Correlation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158616720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093140","mag":"3158616720","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33946508"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21093140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093140","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3140/pdf?version=1619865582","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3140/pdf?version=1619865582","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100412430","display_name":"Gang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2506-0339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 83 Shabei Street, Chongqing 400045, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2506-0339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 83 Shabei Street, Chongqing 400045, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020650589","display_name":"Mengzhu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7404-9152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengzhu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 83 Shabei Street, Chongqing 400045, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 83 Shabei Street, Chongqing 400045, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101948033","display_name":"Weiqing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-598X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiqing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 83 Shabei Street, Chongqing 400045, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 83 Shabei Street, Chongqing 400045, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101908762","display_name":"Jiawei Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4470-2058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 83 Shabei Street, Chongqing 400045, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 83 Shabei Street, Chongqing 400045, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100412430"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.8428,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87281325,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"9","first_page":"3140","last_page":"3140"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subpixel-rendering","display_name":"Subpixel rendering","score":0.9783684015274048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.5447869896888733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-image-correlation","display_name":"Digital image correlation","score":0.5289972424507141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5094853043556213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/displacement","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","score":0.5008220672607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.484096884727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.47850051522254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40758025646209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3698348104953766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.36276793479919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.15959107875823975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.10708963871002197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68516990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452912","display_name":"Subpixel rendering","level":3,"score":0.9783684015274048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.5447869896888733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115635565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860900","display_name":"Digital image correlation","level":2,"score":0.5289972424507141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5094853043556213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107551265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458245","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5008220672607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.484096884727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.47850051522254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40758025646209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3698348104953766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36276793479919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.15959107875823975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.10708963871002197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21093140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093140","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3140/pdf?version=1619865582","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33946508","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33946508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4ac9c7b0e0ad4ad29e5aa8d04d3f5fe8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4ac9c7b0e0ad4ad29e5aa8d04d3f5fe8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 9, p 3140 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/9/3140/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 9; Pages: 3140","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8125022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8125022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21093140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093140","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3140/pdf?version=1619865582","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1474490597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"111 Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2000218175","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B18062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2012814282","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52078084","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3733757674","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020CDCGTM002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4824711325","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B18062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5573329143","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51578095","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6900612526","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B18062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7612288357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"111 Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8512543069","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B18062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330084","display_name":"Research and Innovation Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158616720.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158616720.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1551959335","https://openalex.org/W1637731468","https://openalex.org/W1965820624","https://openalex.org/W2003196796","https://openalex.org/W2035701594","https://openalex.org/W2045725879","https://openalex.org/W2052801897","https://openalex.org/W2063509315","https://openalex.org/W2081321639","https://openalex.org/W2106122723","https://openalex.org/W2119133020","https://openalex.org/W2285089189","https://openalex.org/W2347851859","https://openalex.org/W2357378785","https://openalex.org/W2505080450","https://openalex.org/W2535605367","https://openalex.org/W2779497038","https://openalex.org/W2800752436","https://openalex.org/W2910329538","https://openalex.org/W2938387857","https://openalex.org/W2941321555","https://openalex.org/W2950812798","https://openalex.org/W3015770094","https://openalex.org/W3035016310","https://openalex.org/W3087641498","https://openalex.org/W3119015431","https://openalex.org/W3128670286","https://openalex.org/W3134796957","https://openalex.org/W6783990312","https://openalex.org/W6999363234"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2369528593","https://openalex.org/W2385629811","https://openalex.org/W2638735979","https://openalex.org/W2120293966","https://openalex.org/W2142380919","https://openalex.org/W2033478004","https://openalex.org/W2682616418","https://openalex.org/W1968074329","https://openalex.org/W2655141849","https://openalex.org/W2353893566"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"image":[1],"correlation":[2],"(DIC)":[3],"for":[4],"displacement":[5,24,45,63],"and":[6,18,34,77,102,169,220,226],"strain":[7],"measurement":[8],"has":[9,222],"flourished":[10],"in":[11,30,56,80,114],"recent":[12],"years.":[13],"There":[14],"are":[15,117,128],"integer":[16,61,112],"pixel":[17,62],"subpixel":[19,44,82,126,155],"matching":[20,46],"steps":[21],"to":[22,73,91,151,157],"extract":[23],"from":[25,164],"a":[26,165,170],"series":[27],"of":[28,105,179,190,207],"images":[29],"the":[31,40,49,60,67,75,81,85,93,96,100,103,131,159,177,180,191,197,202,208,217],"DIC":[32],"approach,":[33],"identification":[35,161],"accuracy":[36,76,178,200,206],"mainly":[37],"depends":[38],"on":[39,95],"latter":[41],"step.":[42],"A":[43,142],"method,":[47,219],"named":[48],"double-precision":[50],"gradient-based":[51,87,193],"algorithm":[52,136],"(DPG),":[53],"is":[54,64,89,107,149],"proposed":[55,181,209],"this":[57],"study.":[58],"After,":[59],"identified":[65],"using":[66,99,137],"coarse-fine":[68],"search":[69],"algorithm.":[70],"In":[71],"order":[72],"improve":[74],"anti-noise":[78,224],"capability":[79],"extraction":[83],"step,":[84],"traditional":[86,192],"method":[88,182,194,210],"used":[90],"analyze":[92],"data":[94],"speckle":[97,167],"patterns":[98],"computer,":[101],"influence":[104],"noise":[106],"considered.":[108],"These":[109],"two":[110,125,139,154],"nearest":[111],"pixels":[113],"one":[115],"direction":[116],"both":[118],"utilized":[119],"as":[120,201],"an":[121],"interpolation":[122,135,140],"center.":[123],"Then,":[124],"displacements":[127,156],"extracted":[129],"by":[130,186],"five-point":[132],"bicubic":[133],"spline":[134],"these":[138,153],"centers.":[141],"novel":[143],"combination":[144],"coefficient":[145],"considering":[146],"contaminated":[147],"noises":[148],"presented":[150],"merge":[152],"obtain":[158],"final":[160],"displacement.":[162],"Results":[163],"simulated":[166],"pattern":[168],"painted":[171],"beam":[172],"bending":[173],"test":[174],"show":[175],"that":[176,189,195],"can":[183],"be":[184],"improved":[185],"four":[187],"times":[188],"reaches":[196,212],"same":[198],"high":[199],"Newton-Raphson":[203],"method.":[204],"The":[205],"efficiently":[211],"at":[213],"92.67%,":[214],"higher":[215],"than":[216],"Newton-Raphon":[218],"it":[221],"better":[223],"performance":[225],"stability.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T08:27:34.491423","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
