{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157509147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093106","title":"Detection Method for Bolted Connection Looseness at Small Angles of Timber Structures based on Deep Learning","display_name":"Detection Method for Bolted Connection Looseness at Small Angles of Timber Structures based on Deep Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157509147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093106","mag":"3157509147","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33946895"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21093106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3106/pdf?version=1619774467","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3106/pdf?version=1619774467","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017729819","display_name":"Yabin Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yabin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100414507","display_name":"Ying Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1513-9770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ying Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100362822","display_name":"Jiawei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8195-1582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061749313","display_name":"Dong Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9636-8173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9636-8173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008471674","display_name":"Zilong Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3396-2842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zilong Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3396-2842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101935325","display_name":"Xiaoli Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2281-9266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoli Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100414507"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":4.0255,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9439841,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"9","first_page":"3106","last_page":"3106"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connection","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","score":0.7557315230369568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bolted-joint","display_name":"Bolted joint","score":0.6609799861907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6227282285690308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.5863415002822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-based-costing","display_name":"Activity-based costing","score":0.48774200677871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.45445796847343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4399414360523224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4344741702079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3345983624458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13572993874549866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-element-method","display_name":"Finite element method","score":0.10175269842147827}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13355873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920850","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","level":2,"score":0.7557315230369568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155723203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077037","display_name":"Bolted joint","level":3,"score":0.6609799861907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6227282285690308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5863415002822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164624739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754331","display_name":"Activity-based costing","level":2,"score":0.48774200677871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.45445796847343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4399414360523224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4344741702079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3345983624458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13572993874549866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.10175269842147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21093106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3106/pdf?version=1619774467","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33946895","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33946895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:74749095e487473fa757066e6d79a69b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/74749095e487473fa757066e6d79a69b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 9, p 3106 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/9/3106/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 9; Pages: 3106","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8124976","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8124976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21093106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3106/pdf?version=1619774467","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157509147.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157509147.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1999463165","https://openalex.org/W2083933551","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2327278474","https://openalex.org/W2332885174","https://openalex.org/W2478677992","https://openalex.org/W2481773253","https://openalex.org/W2497528394","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2751800584","https://openalex.org/W2901906265","https://openalex.org/W2910591535","https://openalex.org/W2915318524","https://openalex.org/W2924248321","https://openalex.org/W2924913851","https://openalex.org/W2946141567","https://openalex.org/W2948983823","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2970228585","https://openalex.org/W3006317298","https://openalex.org/W3047236570","https://openalex.org/W3049607771","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W6846458181"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2605744074","https://openalex.org/W160549140","https://openalex.org/W2146384898","https://openalex.org/W131430968","https://openalex.org/W1576087171","https://openalex.org/W46356052","https://openalex.org/W2170111705","https://openalex.org/W2184244453","https://openalex.org/W1967878368","https://openalex.org/W2372764048"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bolted":[0],"connections":[1],"are":[2,69,75,148],"widely":[3],"used":[4],"in":[5,53,140],"timber":[6,55],"structures.":[7],"Bolt":[8],"looseness":[9,30,139],"is":[10,57,94,109,121],"one":[11,111],"of":[12,24,47,50,115,153],"the":[13,25,44,72,76,98,104,110,117,124,131,138,151],"most":[14,23],"important":[15],"factors":[16],"leading":[17],"to":[18,96],"structural":[19],"failure.":[20],"At":[21],"present,":[22],"detection":[26,45],"methods":[27],"for":[28],"bolt":[29,51],"do":[31],"not":[32],"achieve":[33],"a":[34,54,141,163],"good":[35],"balance":[36],"between":[37],"cost":[38],"and":[39,62,71,83,130,144,161,167],"accuracy.":[40,169],"In":[41],"this":[42,154],"paper,":[43],"method":[46,155],"small":[48],"angle":[49,107,119,134],"loosening":[52],"structure":[56],"studied":[58],"using":[59],"deep":[60],"learning":[61],"machine":[63],"vision":[64],"technology.":[65],"Firstly,":[66],"three":[67],"schemes":[68],"designed,":[70],"recognition":[73,133],"targets":[74],"nut's":[77],"own":[78],"specification":[79],"number,":[80],"rectangular":[81],"mark,":[82,85],"circular":[84],"respectively.":[86],"The":[87,101],"Single":[88],"Shot":[89],"MultiBox":[90],"Detector":[91],"(SSD)":[92],"algorithm":[93],"adopted":[95],"train":[97],"image":[99],"datasets.":[100],"scheme":[102],"with":[103],"smallest":[105],"identification":[106,118,125],"error":[108,120],"identifying":[112],"round":[113],"objects,":[114],"which":[116],"0.38\u00b0.":[122],"Then,":[123],"accuracy":[126],"was":[127],"further":[128],"improved,":[129],"minimum":[132],"reached":[135],"1\u00b0.":[136],"Finally,":[137],"four-bolted":[142],"connection":[143,147],"an":[145],"eight-bolted":[146],"tested,":[149],"confirming":[150],"feasibility":[152],"when":[156],"applied":[157],"on":[158],"multi-bolted":[159],"connection,":[160],"realizing":[162],"low":[164],"operating":[165],"costing":[166],"high":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
