{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157323916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093000","title":"Investigating Master\u2013Slave Architecture for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network","display_name":"Investigating Master\u2013Slave Architecture for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157323916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093000","mag":"3157323916","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33922886"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21093000","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093000","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3000/pdf?version=1619323547","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3000/pdf?version=1619323547","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014269950","display_name":"Sadeeq Jan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1139-8507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadeeq Jan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064414530","display_name":"Eiad Yafi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3144-0784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4528857","display_name":"University of Kuala Lumpur","ror":"https://ror.org/026wwrx19","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eiad Yafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50250, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50250, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005561476","display_name":"Abdul Hafeez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Hafeez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033443939","display_name":"Hamza Waheed Khatana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0574-2746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamza Waheed Khatana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102009927","display_name":"Sajid Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2972-7049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajid Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030459221","display_name":"Rohail Akhtar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohail Akhtar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003359351","display_name":"Zahid Wadud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7118-6496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahid Wadud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064414530"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4528857"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.2597,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8664822,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"9","first_page":"3000","last_page":"3000"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.8123869895935059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6644408106803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6549813747406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5139076709747314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.5041595697402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-delay","display_name":"Transmission delay","score":0.4120190143585205}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.8123869895935059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6644408106803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6549813747406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5139076709747314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.5041595697402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108921912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834639","display_name":"Transmission delay","level":3,"score":0.4120190143585205}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21093000","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093000","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3000/pdf?version=1619323547","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33922886","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33922886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aa2e387e5a7548cfacf2d4b1db76f866","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aa2e387e5a7548cfacf2d4b1db76f866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 9, p 3000 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/9/3000/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 9; Pages: 3000","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8123114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8123114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21093000","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093000","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3000/pdf?version=1619323547","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157323916.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157323916.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58949250","https://openalex.org/W1554648094","https://openalex.org/W1834771425","https://openalex.org/W1906577849","https://openalex.org/W2029368383","https://openalex.org/W2079064954","https://openalex.org/W2093125009","https://openalex.org/W2102801818","https://openalex.org/W2121255383","https://openalex.org/W2130509337","https://openalex.org/W2136982937","https://openalex.org/W2149472588","https://openalex.org/W2161437547","https://openalex.org/W2170984917","https://openalex.org/W2294734859","https://openalex.org/W2395427473","https://openalex.org/W2513144371","https://openalex.org/W2547592139","https://openalex.org/W2565221469","https://openalex.org/W2576515288","https://openalex.org/W2585502419","https://openalex.org/W2592990940","https://openalex.org/W2613151040","https://openalex.org/W2736862060","https://openalex.org/W2759817332","https://openalex.org/W2770055356","https://openalex.org/W2790994825","https://openalex.org/W2791028407","https://openalex.org/W2801922980","https://openalex.org/W2804425550","https://openalex.org/W2806980961","https://openalex.org/W2898161780","https://openalex.org/W2923786191","https://openalex.org/W2990385259","https://openalex.org/W3006338628","https://openalex.org/W3024775801","https://openalex.org/W3027367082","https://openalex.org/W3035479079","https://openalex.org/W3081416369","https://openalex.org/W3087752172","https://openalex.org/W3097050759","https://openalex.org/W3119522512","https://openalex.org/W3125853281","https://openalex.org/W3127540743","https://openalex.org/W6752053147"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2150112053","https://openalex.org/W854358031","https://openalex.org/W2109051037","https://openalex.org/W2374618115","https://openalex.org/W2186374852","https://openalex.org/W2552037046","https://openalex.org/W2265628522","https://openalex.org/W1804641721","https://openalex.org/W3118123280","https://openalex.org/W2038346391"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"significant":[1],"increase":[2],"has":[3],"been":[4],"observed":[5],"in":[6,93],"the":[7,16,31,88,95,98,103,120,154],"use":[8],"of":[9,97,141],"Underwater":[10,64],"Wireless":[11,65],"Sensor":[12,66],"Networks":[13],"(UWSNs)":[14],"over":[15,153],"last":[17],"few":[18],"decades.":[19],"However,":[20],"there":[21],"exist":[22],"several":[23],"associated":[24],"challenges":[25],"with":[26],"UWSNs,":[27],"mainly":[28],"due":[29],"to":[30,72],"nodes'":[32],"mobility,":[33],"increased":[34],"propagation":[35],"delay,":[36],"limited":[37],"bandwidth,":[38],"packet":[39,100,117],"duplication,":[40],"void":[41],"holes,":[42],"and":[43,76,127,135,146],"Doppler/multi-path":[44],"effects.":[45],"To":[46],"address":[47],"these":[48],"challenges,":[49],"we":[50,112],"propose":[51],"a":[52],"protocol":[53,132],"named":[54],"\"An":[55],"Efficient":[56],"Routing":[57],"Protocol":[58],"based":[59,86],"on":[60,87,143,148],"Master-Slave":[61],"Architecture":[62],"for":[63],"Network":[67],"(ERPMSA-UWSN)\"":[68],"that":[69,129],"significantly":[70],"contributes":[71],"optimizing":[73],"energy":[74,144],"consumption":[75],"data":[77,99,116],"packet's":[78],"long-term":[79],"survival.":[80],"We":[81,123,137],"adopt":[82],"an":[83,139],"innovative":[84],"approach":[85],"master-slave":[89],"architecture,":[90],"which":[91],"results":[92],"limiting":[94],"forwarders":[96],"by":[101],"restricting":[102],"transmission":[104],"through":[105],"master":[106,121],"nodes":[107,114],"only.":[108],"In":[109],"this":[110],"protocol,":[111],"suppress":[113],"from":[115],"reception":[118],"except":[119],"nodes.":[122],"perform":[124],"extensive":[125],"simulation":[126],"demonstrate":[128],"our":[130],"proposed":[131],"is":[133],"delay-tolerant":[134],"energy-efficient.":[136],"achieve":[138],"improvement":[140],"13%":[142],"tax":[145],"4.8%":[147],"Packet":[149],"Delivery":[150],"Ratio":[151],"(PDR),":[152],"state-of-the-art":[155],"protocol.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}