{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3159830173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21092989","title":"Diagnosis of Leukaemia in Blood Slides Based on a Fine-Tuned and Highly Generalisable Deep Learning Model","display_name":"Diagnosis of Leukaemia in Blood Slides Based on a Fine-Tuned and Highly Generalisable Deep Learning Model","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3159830173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21092989","mag":"3159830173","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33923209"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21092989","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21092989","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/2989/pdf?version=1619402536","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/2989/pdf?version=1619402536","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035341456","display_name":"Luis H. S. Vogado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4690-3921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121799822","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed","ror":"https://ror.org/00kwnx126","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Vogado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Computa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4690-3921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Computa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005236232","display_name":"Rodrigo Veras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8180-4032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121799822","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed","ror":"https://ror.org/00kwnx126","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo Veras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Computa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8180-4032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Computa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080600223","display_name":"Kelson Aires","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3938-5089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121799822","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed","ror":"https://ror.org/00kwnx126","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelson Aires","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Computa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3938-5089","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Computa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072240451","display_name":"Fl\u00e1vio H. D. Ara\u00fajo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2824-2645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121799822","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed","ror":"https://ror.org/00kwnx126","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fl\u00e1vio Ara\u00fajo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Curso de Bacharelado em Sistemas de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, Picos 64607-670, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2824-2645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Curso de Bacharelado em Sistemas de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, Picos 64607-670, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028793428","display_name":"Romuere Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7163-7469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121799822","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed","ror":"https://ror.org/00kwnx126","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Romuere Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Curso de Bacharelado em Sistemas de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, Picos 64607-670, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7163-7469","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Curso de Bacharelado em Sistemas de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed, Picos 64607-670, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029845097","display_name":"Moacir Antonelli Ponti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2059-9463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131883","display_name":"Brazilian Society of Computational and Applied Mathematics","ror":"https://ror.org/03kcw4w74","country_code":"BR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131883"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moacir Ponti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Matem\u00e1ticas de de Computa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2059-9463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Matem\u00e1ticas de de Computa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374","https://openalex.org/I4210131883"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056546246","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Manuel R. S. Tavares","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7603-6526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Manuel R. S. Tavares","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7603-6526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056546246"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":3.1708,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92937194,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"9","first_page":"2989","last_page":"2989"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13374","display_name":"Hematological disorders and diagnostics","score":0.9380999803543091,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8022500872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6705566644668579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6536458730697632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6080064177513123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6055405139923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.4983205795288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-validation","display_name":"Cross-validation","score":0.49566590785980225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35803669691085815}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8022500872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6705566644668579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6536458730697632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6080064177513123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6055405139923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.4983205795288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27181475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541014","display_name":"Cross-validation","level":2,"score":0.49566590785980225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35803669691085815}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007938","descriptor_name":"Leukemia","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007938","descriptor_name":"Leukemia","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007938","descriptor_name":"Leukemia","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21092989","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21092989","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/2989/pdf?version=1619402536","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33923209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33923209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0dd7b4abd6df4f9aaddd3b57965739cf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0dd7b4abd6df4f9aaddd3b57965739cf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 9, p 2989 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/9/2989/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21092989","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 9; Pages: 2989","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8123151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8123151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio-aberto.up.pt:10216/133538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10216/133538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401934","display_name":"Open Repository of the University of Porto (University of Porto)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","host_organization_name":"Universidade do Porto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21092989","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21092989","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/2989/pdf?version=1619402536","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3159830173.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515472966","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1722290647","https://openalex.org/W1980276039","https://openalex.org/W2000897614","https://openalex.org/W2035020726","https://openalex.org/W2068624143","https://openalex.org/W2076778321","https://openalex.org/W2091463880","https://openalex.org/W2109553965","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2141845190","https://openalex.org/W2149933564","https://openalex.org/W2158270878","https://openalex.org/W2169696980","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2237123602","https://openalex.org/W2296202997","https://openalex.org/W2346062110","https://openalex.org/W2462987261","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2616720730","https://openalex.org/W2738318712","https://openalex.org/W2753825789","https://openalex.org/W2770044960","https://openalex.org/W2782719864","https://openalex.org/W2793002108","https://openalex.org/W2801148351","https://openalex.org/W2803000543","https://openalex.org/W2804916255","https://openalex.org/W2804935296","https://openalex.org/W2885874495","https://openalex.org/W2893154092","https://openalex.org/W2898491665","https://openalex.org/W2898779401","https://openalex.org/W2909639953","https://openalex.org/W2910206206","https://openalex.org/W2910469255","https://openalex.org/W2911330197","https://openalex.org/W2912449434","https://openalex.org/W2938600289","https://openalex.org/W2946326967","https://openalex.org/W2947431583","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2959687571","https://openalex.org/W2962884052","https://openalex.org/W2963740313","https://openalex.org/W2969340476","https://openalex.org/W2982011997","https://openalex.org/W2994524537","https://openalex.org/W3006315341","https://openalex.org/W3016457468","https://openalex.org/W3020203706","https://openalex.org/W3080294851","https://openalex.org/W3102737931","https://openalex.org/W3176923149"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W4391621807","https://openalex.org/W816105089","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W3000197790","https://openalex.org/W1983157111"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Leukaemia":[0],"is":[1,200],"a":[2,40,113,188],"dysfunction":[3],"that":[4,47,142],"affects":[5],"the":[6,13,26,62,92,96,107,133,144,153,159,171,184,193],"production":[7],"of":[8,53,103,187],"white":[9],"blood":[10,23],"cells":[11,17],"in":[12,30,34,168],"bone":[14],"marrow.":[15],"Young":[16],"are":[18],"abnormally":[19],"produced,":[20],"replacing":[21],"normal":[22],"cells.":[24],"Consequently,":[25],"person":[27],"suffers":[28],"problems":[29],"transporting":[31],"oxygen":[32],"and":[33,70,82,95,129,147],"fighting":[35],"infections.":[36],"This":[37],"article":[38],"proposes":[39],"convolutional":[41,51],"neural":[42],"network":[43],"(CNN)":[44],"named":[45],"LeukNet":[46,63],"was":[48],"inspired":[49],"on":[50,123,196],"blocks":[52],"VGG-16,":[54],"but":[55],"with":[56,77],"smaller":[57],"dense":[58],"layers.":[59],"To":[60,105],"define":[61],"parameters,":[64],"we":[65,111],"evaluated":[66],"different":[67,78],"CNNs":[68,108,149],"models":[69],"fine-tuning":[71],"methods":[72],"using":[73,120,143],"18":[74],"image":[75],"datasets,":[76],"resolution,":[79],"contrast,":[80],"colour":[81],"texture":[83],"characteristics.":[84],"We":[85,140],"applied":[86,112],"data":[87],"augmentation":[88],"operations":[89],"to":[90,100,161,177,182],"expand":[91],"training":[93],"dataset,":[94],"5-fold":[97],"cross-validation":[98],"led":[99],"an":[101,179],"accuracy":[102],"98.61%.":[104],"evaluate":[106,183],"generalisation":[109,185],"ability,":[110],"cross-dataset":[114,121,173],"validation":[115,174],"technique.":[116],"The":[117],"obtained":[118,135],"accuracies":[119,134],"experiments":[122],"three":[124],"datasets":[125],"were":[126],"97.04,":[127],"82.46":[128],"70.24%,":[130],"which":[131,199],"overcome":[132],"by":[136],"current":[137],"state-of-the-art":[138],"methods.":[139],"conclude":[141],"most":[145],"common":[146],"deepest":[148],"may":[150],"not":[151],"be":[152,162,178],"best":[154],"choice":[155,181],"for":[156,202],"applications":[157],"where":[158],"images":[160],"classified":[163],"differ":[164],"from":[165],"those":[166],"used":[167],"pre-training.":[169],"Additionally,":[170],"adopted":[172],"approach":[175],"proved":[176],"excellent":[180],"capability":[186],"model,":[189],"as":[190],"it":[191],"considers":[192],"model":[194],"performance":[195],"unseen":[197],"data,":[198],"paramount":[201],"CAD":[203],"systems.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}