{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3153387564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082862","title":"A Dimensional Comparison between Evolutionary Algorithm and Deep Reinforcement Learning Methodologies for Autonomous Surface Vehicles with Water Quality Sensors","display_name":"A Dimensional Comparison between Evolutionary Algorithm and Deep Reinforcement Learning Methodologies for Autonomous Surface Vehicles with Water Quality Sensors","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3153387564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082862","mag":"3153387564","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33921649"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21082862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082862","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2862/pdf?version=1618823026","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2862/pdf?version=1618823026","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052419651","display_name":"Samuel Yanes Luis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-3599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Yanes Luis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-3599","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014119633","display_name":"Daniel Guti\u00e9rrez Reina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2481-5058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Guti\u00e9rrez-Reina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2481-5058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003625612","display_name":"S. L. Toral","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2612-0388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergio Toral Mar\u00edn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2612-0388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052419651"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.6017,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85276196,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"8","first_page":"2862","last_page":"2862"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patrolling","display_name":"Patrolling","score":0.9307422637939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7957040071487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.6464852690696716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5622877478599548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5460113286972046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5419450998306274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.4906379282474518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.47131282091140747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.43829891085624695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4230911433696747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3597511053085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3278105556964874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2139669954776764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10696947574615479}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110698143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651389","display_name":"Patrolling","level":2,"score":0.9307422637939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7957040071487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.6464852690696716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5622877478599548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5460113286972046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5419450998306274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.4906379282474518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.47131282091140747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.43829891085624695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4230911433696747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3597511053085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3278105556964874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2139669954776764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10696947574615479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21082862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082862","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2862/pdf?version=1618823026","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33921649","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33921649","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0c93f2494bb3434fbb0c20915181f8d0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0c93f2494bb3434fbb0c20915181f8d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 8, p 2862 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:idus.us.es:11441/114731","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://idus.us.es/handle//11441/114731","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401665","display_name":"Deposito de Investigacion Universidad de Sevilla (University of Seville)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","host_organization_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/8/2862/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 8; Pages: 2862","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8074202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8074202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21082862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082862","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2862/pdf?version=1618823026","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5907588653","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"US-1257508","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326754","funder_display_name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7147825673","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PY18-RE0009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326754","funder_display_name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8181105605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTI2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326754","display_name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/01jem9c82"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3153387564.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3153387564.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W963275754","https://openalex.org/W1603050797","https://openalex.org/W1613656307","https://openalex.org/W1975627201","https://openalex.org/W2015435463","https://openalex.org/W2062387236","https://openalex.org/W2099618002","https://openalex.org/W2119034018","https://openalex.org/W2119053738","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2145396857","https://openalex.org/W2155968351","https://openalex.org/W2165119088","https://openalex.org/W2165905123","https://openalex.org/W2568887908","https://openalex.org/W2614844655","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2751003929","https://openalex.org/W2753908057","https://openalex.org/W2766900259","https://openalex.org/W2790928930","https://openalex.org/W2791860092","https://openalex.org/W2794711922","https://openalex.org/W2805392292","https://openalex.org/W2809128225","https://openalex.org/W2850432004","https://openalex.org/W2920854799","https://openalex.org/W2963407617","https://openalex.org/W2969569485","https://openalex.org/W2971501135","https://openalex.org/W2975791276","https://openalex.org/W2976344064","https://openalex.org/W2993471286","https://openalex.org/W3000637312","https://openalex.org/W3004540924","https://openalex.org/W3007554156","https://openalex.org/W3009575668","https://openalex.org/W3009674568","https://openalex.org/W3040469843","https://openalex.org/W3048206271","https://openalex.org/W3081467515","https://openalex.org/W3082622020","https://openalex.org/W3088335723","https://openalex.org/W3098639178","https://openalex.org/W3118524082","https://openalex.org/W3122963056","https://openalex.org/W3126413449","https://openalex.org/W3127995674","https://openalex.org/W3128433320","https://openalex.org/W3128699363","https://openalex.org/W4299802797","https://openalex.org/W6738796088"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W170273588","https://openalex.org/W2337788814","https://openalex.org/W2092973197","https://openalex.org/W2404411151","https://openalex.org/W2163146706","https://openalex.org/W3206391274","https://openalex.org/W167683769","https://openalex.org/W2332242917","https://openalex.org/W2095900292","https://openalex.org/W2374340569"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,25,101],"monitoring":[1],"of":[2,41,69,113],"water":[3,30],"resources":[4],"using":[5,50],"Autonomous":[6],"Surface":[7],"Vehicles":[8],"with":[9,95,168],"water-quality":[10],"sensors":[11],"has":[12],"been":[13],"a":[14,36,55,66,138],"recent":[15],"approach":[16,136],"due":[17],"to":[18,46,76,148],"the":[19,28,48,78,98,108,125,134,163,173],"advances":[20],"in":[21,32,65,88,97,111,117,128,141,160,172],"unmanned":[22],"transportation":[23],"technology.":[24],"Ypacara\u00ed":[26],"Lake,":[27],"biggest":[29],"resource":[31],"Paraguay,":[33],"suffers":[34],"from":[35],"major":[37],"contamination":[38],"problem":[39],"because":[40],"cyanobacteria":[42],"blooms.":[43],"In":[44,132],"order":[45],"supervise":[47],"blooms":[49],"these":[51],"on-board":[52],"sensor":[53],"modules,":[54],"Non-Homogeneous":[56,164],"Patrolling":[57,165],"Problem":[58,166],"(a":[59],"NP-hard":[60],"problem)":[61],"must":[62],"be":[63],"solved":[64],"feasible":[67],"amount":[68],"time.":[70],"A":[71],"dimensionality":[72],"study":[73,153],"is":[74],"addressed":[75],"compare":[77],"most":[79],"common":[80],"methodologies,":[81],"Evolutionary":[82,126],"Algorithm":[83,127],"and":[84,92,144,175],"Deep":[85,105,156],"Reinforcement":[86],"Learning,":[87],"different":[89],"map":[90],"scales":[91],"fleet":[93],"sizes":[94],"changes":[96],"environmental":[99],"conditions.":[100],"results":[102],"determined":[103],"that":[104,155],"Q-Learning":[106],"overcomes":[107],"evolutionary":[109,135],"method":[110],"terms":[112],"sample-efficiency":[114],"by":[115],"50-70%":[116],"higher":[118],"resolutions.":[119],"Furthermore,":[120],"it":[121],"reacts":[122],"better":[123,139],"than":[124],"high":[129],"space-state":[130],"actions.":[131],"contrast,":[133],"shows":[137],"efficiency":[140,161],"lower":[142],"resolutions":[143],"needs":[145],"fewer":[146],"parameters":[147],"synthesize":[149],"robust":[150],"solutions.":[151],"This":[152],"reveals":[154],"Q-learning":[157],"approaches":[158],"exceed":[159],"for":[162],"but":[167],"many":[169],"hyper-parameters":[170],"involved":[171],"stability":[174],"convergence.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}