{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3156619226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082734","title":"Multi-Dimension and Multi-Feature Hybrid Learning Network for Classifying the Sub Pathological Type of Lung Nodules through LDCT","display_name":"Multi-Dimension and Multi-Feature Hybrid Learning Network for Classifying the Sub Pathological Type of Lung Nodules through LDCT","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3156619226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082734","mag":"3156619226","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33924549"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21082734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082734","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2734/pdf?version=1618314133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2734/pdf?version=1618314133","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112367479","display_name":"Jiacheng Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1825-5099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiacheng Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013115461","display_name":"Jianying Bao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianying Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113288612","display_name":"Jianlin Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802608112","display_name":"Shanghai Chest Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03fjc3817","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802608112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianlin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pulmonary, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802608112","https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109057441","display_name":"Jinqiu Mo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinqiu Mo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109057441"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.2915,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58184398,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"8","first_page":"2734","last_page":"2734"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.7126824855804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6320018172264099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.6211731433868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6075590252876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5615562200546265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.4951743185520172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4698582887649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35580307245254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3272247314453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1094655990600586}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7126824855804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6320018172264099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6211731433868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6075590252876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5615562200546265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4951743185520172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4698582887649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35580307245254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3272247314453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1094655990600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008168","descriptor_name":"Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008168","descriptor_name":"Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008168","descriptor_name":"Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D036542","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Spiral Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D036542","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Spiral Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D036542","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Spiral Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21082734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082734","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2734/pdf?version=1618314133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33924549","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33924549","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1356587c7d7540dcad9efed40c6af676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1356587c7d7540dcad9efed40c6af676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 8, p 2734 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/8/2734/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082734","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 8; Pages: 2734","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8070170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8070170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21082734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082734","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2734/pdf?version=1618314133","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1134911325","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"YG2019QNB33","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322999","funder_display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322999","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3156619226.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3156619226.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W948663339","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W2005312471","https://openalex.org/W2049674541","https://openalex.org/W2082637506","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2172196609","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2345010043","https://openalex.org/W2394599079","https://openalex.org/W2523246573","https://openalex.org/W2543630535","https://openalex.org/W2886848602","https://openalex.org/W2890622142","https://openalex.org/W2898197178","https://openalex.org/W2902315714","https://openalex.org/W2911188335","https://openalex.org/W2922490216","https://openalex.org/W2941706909","https://openalex.org/W2944223741","https://openalex.org/W2951527505","https://openalex.org/W2953554334","https://openalex.org/W2980283031","https://openalex.org/W2985267475","https://openalex.org/W3024871967","https://openalex.org/W3041266228","https://openalex.org/W3042181089","https://openalex.org/W3045156337","https://openalex.org/W3103950464","https://openalex.org/W4399647672"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2372403409","https://openalex.org/W1987895267","https://openalex.org/W4242726756","https://openalex.org/W3147584709","https://openalex.org/W2350519135","https://openalex.org/W2391251536","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W2977677679","https://openalex.org/W2390619334","https://openalex.org/W144832045"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"order":[1],"to":[2,11,24,131,141,185,189],"develop":[3],"appropriate":[4],"treatment":[5],"and":[6,16,55,72,85,107,137,172],"rehabilitation":[7],"plans":[8],"with":[9,122],"regard":[10],"different":[12,43,152],"subpathological":[13,44,192],"types":[14],"(PILs":[15],"IAs)":[17],"of":[18,42,67,114,174,194],"lung":[19,45,195],"nodules,":[20],"it":[21],"is":[22,117,183],"important":[23],"diagnose":[25],"them":[26],"through":[27,197],"low-dose":[28],"spiral":[29],"computed":[30],"tomography":[31],"(LDCT)":[32],"during":[33],"routine":[34,198],"screening":[35],"before":[36],"surgery.":[37],"Based":[38],"on":[39,157],"the":[40,82,96,101,105,115,129,142,148,169,191],"characteristics":[41],"nodules":[46],"expressed":[47],"from":[48,81,104,134,161],"LDCT":[49],"images,":[50],"we":[51],"propose":[52],"a":[53,68,73,118,162],"multi-dimension":[54],"multi-feature":[56],"hybrid":[57],"learning":[58,112,126],"neural":[59],"network":[60,65,70,75,84,87,97,116,130,176,188],"in":[61,151],"this":[62,94,187],"paper.":[63],"Our":[64],"consists":[66],"2D":[69,83,106],"part":[71],"3D":[74,86,108],"part.":[76],"The":[77,110,165],"feature":[78,102,144,149],"vectors":[79],"extracted":[80],"are":[88,177],"further":[89],"learned":[90],"by":[91],"XGBoost.":[92],"Through":[93],"formation,":[95],"can":[98],"better":[99,133],"integrate":[100],"information":[103],"networks.":[109],"main":[111],"block":[113,120,127],"residual":[119],"combined":[121],"attention":[123,140],"mechanism.":[124],"This":[125],"enables":[128],"learn":[132],"multiple":[135],"features":[136],"pay":[138],"more":[139],"key":[143],"map":[145],"among":[146],"all":[147],"maps":[150],"channels.":[153],"We":[154],"conduct":[155],"experiments":[156],"our":[158,175],"dataset":[159],"collected":[160],"cooperating":[163],"hospital.":[164],"results":[166],"show":[167],"that":[168],"accuracy,":[170],"sensitivity":[171],"specificity":[173],"83%,":[178],"86%,":[179],"80%,":[180],"respectively":[181],"It":[182],"feasible":[184],"use":[186],"classify":[190],"type":[193],"nodule":[196],"screening.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}