{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3153968517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082640","title":"A Semi-Supervised Transfer Learning with Grid Segmentation for Outdoor Localization over LoRaWans","display_name":"A Semi-Supervised Transfer Learning with Grid Segmentation for Outdoor Localization over LoRaWans","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3153968517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082640","mag":"3153968517","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33918695"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21082640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082640","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2640/pdf?version=1618208597","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2640/pdf?version=1618208597","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069827284","display_name":"Yuh\u2010Shyan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2784-9616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99613584","display_name":"National Taipei University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e29r284","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99613584"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuh-Shyan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University, No. 151, University Rd., San Shia District, New Taipei City 23741, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2784-9616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University, No. 151, University Rd., San Shia District, New Taipei City 23741, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99613584"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048834889","display_name":"Chih\u2010Shun Hsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0386-2231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68348662","display_name":"Shih Hsin University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ynprv96","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68348662"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Shun Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, Shih Hsin University, No. 1, Ln. 17, Sec. 1, Muzha Rd., Wenshan Dist., Taipei City 116, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0386-2231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, Shih Hsin University, No. 1, Ln. 17, Sec. 1, Muzha Rd., Wenshan Dist., Taipei City 116, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68348662"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060028136","display_name":"Chan-Yin Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99613584","display_name":"National Taipei University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e29r284","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99613584"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan-Yin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University, No. 151, University Rd., San Shia District, New Taipei City 23741, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University, No. 151, University Rd., San Shia District, New Taipei City 23741, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99613584"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069827284"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99613584"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.3218,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51841455,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"8","first_page":"2640","last_page":"2640"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7281488180160522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.6844951510429382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6355398893356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6140984296798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-supervised-learning","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","score":0.6121050119400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5656434297561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5638815760612488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5541012287139893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.5466549396514893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5044835805892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47067174315452576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timestamp","display_name":"Timestamp","score":0.4580612778663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43429118394851685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","score":0.4299425780773163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.4206219017505646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4137519299983978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1537550389766693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.09639474749565125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.09115856885910034}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7281488180160522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.6844951510429382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6355398893356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6140984296798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.6121050119400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5656434297561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5638815760612488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5541012287139893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.5466549396514893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5044835805892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47067174315452576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113954288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186885","display_name":"Timestamp","level":2,"score":0.4580612778663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43429118394851685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4299425780773163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4206219017505646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4137519299983978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1537550389766693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.09639474749565125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.09115856885910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21082640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082640","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2640/pdf?version=1618208597","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33918695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33918695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8070012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8070012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2b9f85ba46534f699d04bdb348c0a6d0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2b9f85ba46534f699d04bdb348c0a6d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 8, p 2640 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/8/2640/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 8; Pages: 2640","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21082640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082640","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2640/pdf?version=1618208597","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3153968517.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1964494592","https://openalex.org/W2087977130","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2291859485","https://openalex.org/W2594569362","https://openalex.org/W2613020807","https://openalex.org/W2693203294","https://openalex.org/W2734885106","https://openalex.org/W2735031100","https://openalex.org/W2735756791","https://openalex.org/W2763377440","https://openalex.org/W2769109890","https://openalex.org/W2776252545","https://openalex.org/W2785787327","https://openalex.org/W2798614355","https://openalex.org/W2803724764","https://openalex.org/W2809264368","https://openalex.org/W2809356669","https://openalex.org/W2949475106","https://openalex.org/W2952763095","https://openalex.org/W2973010884","https://openalex.org/W2978716864","https://openalex.org/W3119205098","https://openalex.org/W3122518491"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312414840","https://openalex.org/W34092691","https://openalex.org/W2794908468","https://openalex.org/W2531570999","https://openalex.org/W2943467239","https://openalex.org/W1571801203","https://openalex.org/W4206276646","https://openalex.org/W101422005","https://openalex.org/W192740413","https://openalex.org/W3004135598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"the":[1,5,15,25,44,53,71,94,118,141,143,149,151,158,176,184,189,194,200],"training":[2,173],"phase":[3],"of":[4,17,40,110,120,163],"supervised":[6],"learning,":[7],"it":[8],"is":[9,32,59,102,129],"not":[10],"feasible":[11],"to":[12,35,47,61,65,106,174,199],"collect":[13],"all":[14],"datasets":[16],"labelled":[18,41,73,112,121,138,145],"data":[19,42,69,113,127,146],"in":[20],"an":[21],"outdoor":[22,83,202],"environment":[23],"for":[24,52,91,172],"localization":[26,84,96,195,203],"problem.":[27],"The":[28,56,125,179],"semi-supervised":[29,88],"transfer":[30,66,89],"learning":[31,90,115],"consequently":[33],"used":[34,171],"pre-train":[36],"a":[37,49,62,81,87,98,108],"small":[38],"number":[39,109],"from":[43],"source":[45],"domain":[46,64],"generate":[48,107],"kernel":[50,57],"knowledge":[51,58],"target":[54,63],"domain.":[55],"transferred":[60],"some":[67,135],"unlabelled":[68,123],"into":[70],"virtual":[72,111,137,144],"data.":[74,124,139],"In":[75,93,157],"this":[76],"paper,":[77],"we":[78],"have":[79],"proposed":[80,95,103,185],"new":[82],"scheme":[85,186],"using":[86],"LoRaWANs.":[92],"algorithm,":[97],"grid":[99],"segmentation":[100],"concept":[101],"so":[104],"as":[105,197],"through":[114],"by":[116,132],"constructing":[117],"relationship":[119,128],"and":[122,168,192],"labelled-unlabelled":[126],"repeatedly":[130],"fine-tuned":[131],"correctly":[133],"adding":[134],"more":[136,142],"Basically,":[140],"are":[147,170],"added,":[148],"higher":[150],"location":[152,177,190],"accuracy":[153,191],"will":[154],"be":[155],"obtained.":[156],"real":[159],"implementation,":[160],"three":[161],"types":[162],"signal":[164],"features,":[165],"RSSI,":[166],"SNR,":[167],"timestamps,":[169],"improve":[175,188],"accuracy.":[178],"experimental":[180],"results":[181],"illustrate":[182],"that":[183],"can":[187],"reduce":[193],"error":[196],"opposed":[198],"existing":[201],"schemes.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
