{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3145921333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082624","title":"Analysis and Optimization for Downlink Cell-Free Massive MIMO System with Mixed DACs","display_name":"Analysis and Optimization for Downlink Cell-Free Massive MIMO System with Mixed DACs","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3145921333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082624","mag":"3145921333","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33918009"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21082624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082624","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2624/pdf?version=1618277056","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2624/pdf?version=1618277056","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042381553","display_name":"Meng Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0814-0457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075509135","display_name":"Yao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4496-2650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031848335","display_name":"Xu Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5178-3899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075251557","display_name":"Weiqiang Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6055-5900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiqiang Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059710405","display_name":"Longxiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-0177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Longxiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059710405"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.6424,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63837125,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"8","first_page":"2624","last_page":"2624"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.7461431622505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6502213478088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6402983069419861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.6075894832611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.5632979273796082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.5391687750816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5043102502822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4819464683532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4683721959590912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.361549437046051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16935959458351135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13835352659225464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.7461431622505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6502213478088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6402983069419861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6075894832611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.5632979273796082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.5391687750816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5043102502822876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4819464683532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4683721959590912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.361549437046051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16935959458351135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13835352659225464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21082624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082624","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2624/pdf?version=1618277056","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33918009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33918009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:04a382b71c5745c7b3269decfc1fd47b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/04a382b71c5745c7b3269decfc1fd47b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 8, p 2624 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/8/2624/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082624","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 8; Pages: 2624","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8068372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8068372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21082624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082624","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2624/pdf?version=1618277056","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1720602828","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFC1314903","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6816263544","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61427801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7702826171","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61861039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3145921333.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3145921333.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540562499","https://openalex.org/W1560563382","https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W2001991593","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2557668865","https://openalex.org/W2593893328","https://openalex.org/W2607478241","https://openalex.org/W2750908913","https://openalex.org/W2753160534","https://openalex.org/W2766731005","https://openalex.org/W2802123921","https://openalex.org/W2807553547","https://openalex.org/W2889130186","https://openalex.org/W2924818594","https://openalex.org/W2943547778","https://openalex.org/W2946750314","https://openalex.org/W2952232172","https://openalex.org/W2959566182","https://openalex.org/W2962123958","https://openalex.org/W2962587396","https://openalex.org/W2963680448","https://openalex.org/W2964042011","https://openalex.org/W2969445624","https://openalex.org/W2978927731","https://openalex.org/W2981306253","https://openalex.org/W2982577521","https://openalex.org/W3013643154","https://openalex.org/W3025061635","https://openalex.org/W3081615953","https://openalex.org/W3102684176","https://openalex.org/W3104166565","https://openalex.org/W3106282754","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W6650951584"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548963335","https://openalex.org/W2159941915","https://openalex.org/W1995129237","https://openalex.org/W4388081250","https://openalex.org/W2909457694","https://openalex.org/W1761601995","https://openalex.org/W2904599916","https://openalex.org/W4321608401","https://openalex.org/W4300468626","https://openalex.org/W3193749313"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"concentrates":[2],"on":[3,66],"the":[4,26,34,48,67,78,81,84,88,92,98,101,105,113,122,125,134,140,146,161,176,187,197,202,209,217],"rate":[5,61,116],"analysis":[6],"and":[7,43,54,97,128,172],"optimization":[8],"for":[9],"a":[10,58,193],"downlink":[11,89],"cell-free":[12],"massive":[13],"multi-input":[14],"multi-output":[15],"(MIMO)":[16],"system":[17,141,169],"with":[18,189,201],"mixed":[19],"digital-to-analog":[20],"converters":[21],"(DACs),":[22],"where":[23],"some":[24],"of":[25,83,86,94,100,124,148],"access":[27],"points":[28],"(APs)":[29],"use":[30,156],"perfect-resolution":[31],"DACs,":[32,150],"while":[33,196],"others":[35,198],"exploit":[36],"low-resolution":[37],"DACs":[38,103,127,158],"to":[39,159,184],"reduce":[40,168],"hardware":[41,170],"cost":[42,171],"power":[44,173,179],"consumption.":[45,174],"By":[46],"using":[47],"additive":[49],"quantization":[50],"noise":[51],"model":[52],"(AQNM)":[53],"conjugate":[55],"beamforming":[56],"receiver,":[57],"tight":[59],"closed-form":[60],"expression":[62],"is":[63,182],"derived":[64,79],"based":[65],"standard":[68],"minimum":[69],"mean":[70],"square":[71],"error":[72],"(MMSE)":[73],"channel":[74],"estimate":[75],"technique.":[76],"With":[77],"result,":[80],"effects":[82],"number":[85,93],"APs,":[87],"transmitted":[90],"power,":[91],"DAC":[95,135],"bits,":[96],"proportion":[99,123],"perfect":[102,126,149,162],"in":[104],"mixed-DAC":[106],"architecture":[107],"are":[108,199],"conducted.":[109],"We":[110],"find":[111],"that":[112,153,186],"achievable":[114],"sum":[115],"can":[117,155,166,212],"be":[118,213],"improved":[119],"by":[120,216],"increasing":[121],"deploying":[129],"more":[130],"APs.":[131],"Besides,":[132],"when":[133],"resolution":[136],"arrives":[137],"at":[138],"5-bit,":[139],"performance":[142],"will":[143],"invariably":[144],"approach":[145],"case":[147],"which":[151],"indicates":[152],"we":[154],"5-bit":[157],"substitute":[160],"DACs.":[163],"Thus,":[164],"it":[165],"greatly":[167],"Finally,":[175],"weighted":[177],"max-min":[178],"allocation":[180],"scheme":[181,211],"proposed":[183,210],"guarantee":[185],"users":[188],"high":[190],"priority":[191],"have":[192],"higher":[194],"rate,":[195],"served":[200],"same":[203],"rate.":[204],"The":[205],"simulation":[206],"results":[207],"prove":[208],"effectively":[214],"solved":[215],"bisection":[218],"algorithm.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}