{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3139920757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072503","title":"NLOS Multipath Classification of GNSS Signal Correlation Output Using Machine Learning","display_name":"NLOS Multipath Classification of GNSS Signal Correlation Output Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3139920757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072503","mag":"3139920757","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33916725"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21072503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072503","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/7/2503/pdf?version=1617940086","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/7/2503/pdf?version=1617940086","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044048985","display_name":"Taro Suzuki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9722-9415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8488066","display_name":"Chiba Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qwnam72","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8488066"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Taro Suzuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Future Robotics Technology Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba 2750016, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Future Robotics Technology Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba 2750016, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8488066"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050391979","display_name":"Yoshiharu AMANO","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3480-6777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshiharu Amano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 1620044, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 1620044, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044048985"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8488066"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":65.2256,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":100,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99850748,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"7","first_page":"2503","last_page":"2503"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9690999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.9906316995620728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9466975927352905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.8062748312950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6936177015304565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6334251165390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5955678820610046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.46187615394592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.4492201507091522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41917678713798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3796764016151428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3504756689071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.2470417618751526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15943241119384766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.07843533158302307}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.9906316995620728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9466975927352905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.8062748312950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6936177015304565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6334251165390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5955678820610046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.46187615394592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.4492201507091522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41917678713798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3796764016151428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3504756689071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.2470417618751526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15943241119384766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.07843533158302307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21072503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072503","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/7/2503/pdf?version=1617940086","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33916725","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33916725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dea615965bc6417e9e9cd82e8c02ac99","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dea615965bc6417e9e9cd82e8c02ac99","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 7, p 2503 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/7/2503/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 7; Pages: 2503","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8038365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8038365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21072503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072503","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/7/2503/pdf?version=1617940086","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139920757.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139920757.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65854435","https://openalex.org/W103231290","https://openalex.org/W1976132536","https://openalex.org/W1981203604","https://openalex.org/W2002745408","https://openalex.org/W2013798594","https://openalex.org/W2038678236","https://openalex.org/W2072541100","https://openalex.org/W2121069620","https://openalex.org/W2121699695","https://openalex.org/W2130788112","https://openalex.org/W2132861310","https://openalex.org/W2134540014","https://openalex.org/W2140494000","https://openalex.org/W2143729023","https://openalex.org/W2146341415","https://openalex.org/W2148595315","https://openalex.org/W2170505850","https://openalex.org/W2256083669","https://openalex.org/W2555203245","https://openalex.org/W2583298792","https://openalex.org/W2599520864","https://openalex.org/W2600045298","https://openalex.org/W2605798622","https://openalex.org/W2615575680","https://openalex.org/W2741319181","https://openalex.org/W2771559844","https://openalex.org/W2904787380","https://openalex.org/W2945246413","https://openalex.org/W2963781713","https://openalex.org/W2968611636","https://openalex.org/W2999063329","https://openalex.org/W3113118202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2258106632","https://openalex.org/W2900608567","https://openalex.org/W2052432379","https://openalex.org/W2786742173","https://openalex.org/W1977989201","https://openalex.org/W2770110807","https://openalex.org/W2954228414","https://openalex.org/W3117915744","https://openalex.org/W768388283","https://openalex.org/W3106489079"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,16,79,85],"method":[4,100,120],"for":[5,105],"detecting":[6],"non-line-of-sight":[7],"(NLOS)":[8],"multipath,":[9],"which":[10,28],"causes":[11],"large":[12],"positioning":[13],"errors":[14],"in":[15,121],"global":[17],"navigation":[18],"satellite":[19],"system":[20],"(GNSS).":[21],"We":[22,73],"use":[23],"GNSS":[24,33],"signal":[25,34],"correlation":[26],"output,":[27,36],"is":[29,51],"the":[30,48,55,61,64,70,116],"most":[31],"primitive":[32],"processing":[35],"to":[37,54,68],"detect":[38],"NLOS":[39,56,71,108,118,135],"multipath":[40],"based":[41],"on":[42],"machine":[43,82,111],"learning.":[44,112],"The":[45,58,113],"shape":[46,62],"of":[47,60,63,101,110,115,134],"multi-correlator":[49,65],"outputs":[50],"distorted":[52],"due":[53],"multipath.":[57,72],"features":[59],"are":[66],"used":[67],"discriminate":[69],"implement":[74],"two":[75],"supervised":[76],"learning":[77],"methods,":[78],"support":[80],"vector":[81],"(SVM)":[83],"and":[84,89,107,132],"neural":[86],"network":[87],"(NN),":[88],"compare":[90],"their":[91],"performance.":[92],"In":[93],"addition,":[94],"we":[95],"also":[96],"propose":[97],"an":[98,122],"automated":[99],"collecting":[102],"training":[103],"data":[104],"LOS":[106],"signals":[109,136],"evaluation":[114],"proposed":[117],"detection":[119],"urban":[123],"environment":[124],"confirmed":[125],"that":[126],"NN":[127],"was":[128],"better":[129],"than":[130],"SVM,":[131],"97.7%":[133],"were":[137],"correctly":[138],"discriminated.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-30T08:08:38.191290","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
