{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3152478586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072372","title":"Ensemble CNN to Detect Drowsy Driving with In-Vehicle Sensor Data","display_name":"Ensemble CNN to Detect Drowsy Driving with In-Vehicle Sensor Data","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3152478586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072372","mag":"3152478586","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33805531"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21072372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072372","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/7/2372/pdf?version=1617937948","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/7/2372/pdf?version=1617937948","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055745020","display_name":"Yongsu Jeon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6161-9929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongsu Jeon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6161-9929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070818643","display_name":"Beomjun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2945-1054"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beomjun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Smart Software, Yonam Institute of Technology, Jinju 52821, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2945-1054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Smart Software, Yonam Institute of Technology, Jinju 52821, Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076574009","display_name":"Yunju Baek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3873-2624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunju Baek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076574009"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":3.181,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91735057,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"7","first_page":"2372","last_page":"2372"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12406","display_name":"IoT and GPS-based Vehicle Safety Systems","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.4756438434123993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4706864655017853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.40892136096954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4050880968570709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33265477418899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.32700222730636597}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.4756438434123993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4706864655017853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.40892136096954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4050880968570709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33265477418899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.32700222730636597}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014851","descriptor_name":"Wakefulness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014851","descriptor_name":"Wakefulness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014851","descriptor_name":"Wakefulness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21072372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072372","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/7/2372/pdf?version=1617937948","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33805531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33805531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e9a19babeeb84d1ca7e26e4159ab54d9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e9a19babeeb84d1ca7e26e4159ab54d9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 7, p 2372 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/7/2372/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 7; Pages: 2372","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8036701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8036701","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21072372","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072372","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/7/2372/pdf?version=1617937948","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3152478586.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504178287","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1921393489","https://openalex.org/W1993332189","https://openalex.org/W2025623975","https://openalex.org/W2090987896","https://openalex.org/W2094726855","https://openalex.org/W2116646930","https://openalex.org/W2136986820","https://openalex.org/W2170498360","https://openalex.org/W2354590435","https://openalex.org/W2395515569","https://openalex.org/W2515648611","https://openalex.org/W2561706519","https://openalex.org/W2592810172","https://openalex.org/W2604772469","https://openalex.org/W2774231091","https://openalex.org/W2782102094","https://openalex.org/W2782522902","https://openalex.org/W2796096089","https://openalex.org/W2802314367","https://openalex.org/W2804344617","https://openalex.org/W2825514469","https://openalex.org/W2884609870","https://openalex.org/W2884735806","https://openalex.org/W2902196543","https://openalex.org/W2904548391","https://openalex.org/W2909533195","https://openalex.org/W2912966400","https://openalex.org/W2913872323","https://openalex.org/W2918451899","https://openalex.org/W2967609418","https://openalex.org/W2979979528","https://openalex.org/W3001630243","https://openalex.org/W3016949303","https://openalex.org/W3104471408","https://openalex.org/W3122245755","https://openalex.org/W3159026227","https://openalex.org/W3165672175","https://openalex.org/W6766178017","https://openalex.org/W6773356850","https://openalex.org/W6795200819"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3188962172","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W4312825515","https://openalex.org/W4306742369","https://openalex.org/W4303457083","https://openalex.org/W2131146434","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W4376623224","https://openalex.org/W4387849428","https://openalex.org/W2965396565"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Drowsy":[0],"driving":[1,18,39,59,63,98,127,131,140,155,188],"is":[2,90],"a":[3,33,100,154,159,179],"major":[4],"threat":[5],"to":[6,36,92,194],"the":[7,46,112,123,134,173,184],"safety":[8],"of":[9,76,85,102,125,147,161,172,186,192],"drivers":[10],"and":[11,15,49,64,129,168],"road":[12,162],"traffic.":[13],"Accurate":[14],"reliable":[16],"drowsy":[17,26,38,58,62,66,86,97,130,187],"detection":[19,185],"technology":[20],"can":[21,81],"reduce":[22],"accidents":[23],"caused":[24],"by":[25,136],"driving.":[27,67,87],"In":[28],"this":[29],"study,":[30,55],"we":[31,56,69,115],"present":[32],"new":[34],"method":[35,120],"detect":[37,82,93],"with":[40,178,189],"vehicle":[41],"sensor":[42,149],"data":[43,128,132,150],"obtained":[44,104],"from":[45],"steering":[47],"wheel":[48],"pedal":[50],"pressure.":[51],"From":[52],"our":[53],"empirical":[54],"categorized":[57],"into":[60],"long-duration":[61],"short-duration":[65,96],"Furthermore,":[68],"propose":[70,116],"an":[71,117,190],"ensemble":[72],"network":[73],"model":[74,175],"composed":[75],"convolution":[77],"neural":[78],"networks":[79],"that":[80,121,157],"each":[83],"type":[84],"Each":[88],"subnetwork":[89],"specialized":[91],"long-":[94],"or":[95],"using":[99],"fusion":[101],"features,":[103],"through":[105,153],"time":[106],"series":[107],"analysis.":[108],"To":[109],"efficiently":[110],"train":[111],"proposed":[113,174],"network,":[114],"imbalanced":[118],"data-handling":[119],"adjusts":[122],"ratio":[124],"normal":[126,139],"in":[133],"dataset":[135,143],"partially":[137],"removing":[138],"data.":[141],"A":[142],"comprising":[144],"198.3":[145],"h":[146],"in-vehicle":[148],"was":[151,176],"acquired":[152],"simulation":[156],"includes":[158],"variety":[160],"environments":[163,167],"such":[164],"as":[165],"urban":[166],"highways.":[169],"The":[170],"performance":[171],"evaluated":[177],"dataset.":[180],"This":[181],"study":[182],"achieved":[183],"accuracy":[191],"up":[193],"94.2%.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
