{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136848040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062168","title":"Recent Progress in Distributed Brillouin Sensors Based on Few-Mode Optical Fibers","display_name":"Recent Progress in Distributed Brillouin Sensors Based on Few-Mode Optical Fibers","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136848040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062168","mag":"3136848040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21062168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062168","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/2168/pdf?version=1616575783","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/2168/pdf?version=1616575783","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109083534","display_name":"Yong Hyun Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Hyun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001971060","display_name":"Kwang Yong Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7768-1196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kwang Yong Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001971060"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.8134,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71310416,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"6","first_page":"2168","last_page":"2168"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10988","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brillouin-scattering","display_name":"Brillouin scattering","score":0.8935869932174683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brillouin-zone","display_name":"Brillouin zone","score":0.6978908777236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.6462600827217102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.5120578408241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phonon","display_name":"Phonon","score":0.49737170338630676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-mode-optical-fiber","display_name":"Single-mode optical fiber","score":0.4656088650226593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4608478248119354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.45758333802223206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","score":0.42451170086860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.29850655794143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.11142909526824951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/condensed-matter-physics","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","score":0.1040196418762207}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43989790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578741","display_name":"Brillouin scattering","level":3,"score":0.8935869932174683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16291881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917246","display_name":"Brillouin zone","level":2,"score":0.6978908777236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6462600827217102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.5120578408241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24169881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186608","display_name":"Phonon","level":2,"score":0.49737170338630676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180861198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503585","display_name":"Single-mode optical fiber","level":3,"score":0.4656088650226593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4608478248119354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.45758333802223206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.42451170086860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.29850655794143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.11142909526824951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.1040196418762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21062168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062168","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/2168/pdf?version=1616575783","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c968f8939c984f6887921ad20e099483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c968f8939c984f6887921ad20e099483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 6, p 2168 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/6/2168/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 6; Pages: 2168","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8003690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8003690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21062168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062168","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/2168/pdf?version=1616575783","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7139341370","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20190599","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136848040.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136848040.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1824080967","https://openalex.org/W1897273587","https://openalex.org/W1931443231","https://openalex.org/W1963561884","https://openalex.org/W1964373836","https://openalex.org/W1970984939","https://openalex.org/W1973165401","https://openalex.org/W1974222513","https://openalex.org/W1974783743","https://openalex.org/W1982903122","https://openalex.org/W1986326924","https://openalex.org/W1986487349","https://openalex.org/W1992721601","https://openalex.org/W1993173617","https://openalex.org/W1998512170","https://openalex.org/W2004931774","https://openalex.org/W2008829744","https://openalex.org/W2010865206","https://openalex.org/W2027584190","https://openalex.org/W2044880220","https://openalex.org/W2056948172","https://openalex.org/W2067933575","https://openalex.org/W2068823998","https://openalex.org/W2074580963","https://openalex.org/W2079715745","https://openalex.org/W2097959854","https://openalex.org/W2112049006","https://openalex.org/W2116647373","https://openalex.org/W2120585959","https://openalex.org/W2126514793","https://openalex.org/W2129408918","https://openalex.org/W2129591212","https://openalex.org/W2129827069","https://openalex.org/W2135032207","https://openalex.org/W2138862954","https://openalex.org/W2151705892","https://openalex.org/W2160507331","https://openalex.org/W2160508398","https://openalex.org/W2163504067","https://openalex.org/W2165340127","https://openalex.org/W2168517038","https://openalex.org/W2170489648","https://openalex.org/W2171960133","https://openalex.org/W2199209214","https://openalex.org/W2467264883","https://openalex.org/W2529252998","https://openalex.org/W2625053975","https://openalex.org/W2740010943","https://openalex.org/W2792478894","https://openalex.org/W2903706465","https://openalex.org/W2972200526","https://openalex.org/W6640072483"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998409260","https://openalex.org/W213692090","https://openalex.org/W2590871063","https://openalex.org/W2013194031","https://openalex.org/W2388272925","https://openalex.org/W1994728283","https://openalex.org/W4389724069","https://openalex.org/W2973209402","https://openalex.org/W2350013127","https://openalex.org/W2118156765"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brillouin":[0,37,59,97,116,192],"scattering":[1,6,98,128],"is":[2,53],"a":[3,184],"dominant":[4],"inelastic":[5],"observed":[7,101],"in":[8,32,79,102,160],"optical":[9,70,87],"fibers,":[10],"where":[11,73],"the":[12,33,44,54,82,93,103,140,152,161,166,177,195],"energy":[13],"and":[14,19,28,39,50,114,135,157,174],"momentum":[15],"transfer":[16],"between":[17],"photons":[18,109,120],"acoustic":[20,112,123],"phonons":[21],"takes":[22],"place.":[23],"Narrowband":[24],"reflection":[25,132],"(or":[26,35,133],"gain":[27,134],"loss)":[29,136],"spectra":[30,137],"appear":[31],"spontaneous":[34],"stimulated)":[36],"scattering,":[38],"their":[40],"linear":[41],"dependence":[42],"of":[43,57,95,144,155,168,190,197],"spectral":[45],"shift":[46],"on":[47,139,187,194],"ambient":[48],"temperature":[49],"strain":[51],"variations":[52],"operation":[55],"principle":[56],"distributed":[58,191],"sensors,":[60],"which":[61,146],"have":[62],"been":[63],"developed":[64],"for":[65,151,165],"several":[66],"decades.":[67],"In":[68,179],"few-mode":[69],"fibers":[71],"(FMF\u2019s)":[72],"higher-order":[74],"spatial":[75,141],"modes":[76,88],"are":[77,147],"guided":[78],"addition":[80],"to":[81],"fundamental":[83],"mode,":[84],"two":[85],"different":[86],"can":[89],"be":[90],"coupled":[91],"by":[92],"process":[94],"stimulated":[96],"(SBS),":[99],"as":[100],"phenomena":[104],"called":[105],"intermodal":[106,115,127],"SBS":[107],"(two":[108],"+":[110,121],"one":[111,122],"phonon)":[113],"dynamic":[117],"grating":[118],"(four":[119],"phonon;":[124],"BDG).":[125],"These":[126],"processes":[129],"show":[130],"unique":[131],"depending":[138],"mode":[142],"structure":[143],"FMF,":[145],"useful":[148],"not":[149],"only":[150],"direct":[153],"measurement":[154,167],"polarization":[156],"modal":[158],"birefringence":[159],"fiber,":[162],"but":[163],"also":[164],"environmental":[169],"variables":[170],"like":[171],"strain,":[172],"temperature,":[173],"pressure":[175],"affecting":[176],"birefringence.":[178],"this":[180],"paper,":[181],"we":[182],"present":[183],"technical":[185],"review":[186],"recent":[188],"development":[189],"sensors":[193],"platform":[196],"FMF\u2019s.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}
