{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3138284197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062031","title":"Comparing Localization Performance of IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V V2I Communications","display_name":"Comparing Localization Performance of IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V V2I Communications","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3138284197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062031","mag":"3138284197","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33805615"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21062031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/2031/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/2031/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014498166","display_name":"Rreze Halili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1094-7751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rreze Halili","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab-Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp-imec, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1094-7751","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab-Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp-imec, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086566274","display_name":"Maarten Weyn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1152-6617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maarten Weyn","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab-Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp-imec, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1152-6617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab-Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp-imec, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017565613","display_name":"Rafael Berkvens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0064-5020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Berkvens","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab-Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp-imec, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0064-5020","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab-Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp-imec, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017565613"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.4234,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81004657,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"6","first_page":"2031","last_page":"2031"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.7427485585212708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ieee-802.11p","display_name":"IEEE 802.11p","score":0.6628045439720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateration","display_name":"Multilateration","score":0.609986424446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ieee-802","display_name":"IEEE 802","score":0.5475009083747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5297045707702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cram\u00e9r\u2013rao-bound","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","score":0.46291735768318176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.44589686393737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","score":0.4386043846607208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4352218210697174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3694150447845459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2742050290107727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2344285547733307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.16640985012054443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.14169692993164062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","score":0.13542771339416504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.13380557298660278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.10797372460365295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.7427485585212708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778206073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841708","display_name":"IEEE 802.11p","level":5,"score":0.6628045439720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.609986424446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522090004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616245","display_name":"IEEE 802","level":3,"score":0.5475009083747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5297045707702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4978587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","level":3,"score":0.46291735768318176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44589686393737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192448918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","level":4,"score":0.4386043846607208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4352218210697174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3694150447845459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2742050290107727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2344285547733307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.16640985012054443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.14169692993164062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.13542771339416504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.13380557298660278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.10797372460365295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21062031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/2031/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33805615","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33805615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:c:irua:176854","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10067/1768540151162165141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401849","display_name":"Institutional Repository University of Antwerp (University of Antwerp)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","host_organization_name":"University of Antwerp","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0c37536cded34f25b58e770761a3928c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0c37536cded34f25b58e770761a3928c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 6, p 2031 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/6/2031/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 6; Pages: 2031","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7998953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7998953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21062031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/2031/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3138284197.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509061701","https://openalex.org/W1923525559","https://openalex.org/W2030939744","https://openalex.org/W2055898012","https://openalex.org/W2062247251","https://openalex.org/W2108294956","https://openalex.org/W2120350100","https://openalex.org/W2135774428","https://openalex.org/W2142809161","https://openalex.org/W2149389995","https://openalex.org/W2149681188","https://openalex.org/W2155436284","https://openalex.org/W2161009854","https://openalex.org/W2240745082","https://openalex.org/W2257062227","https://openalex.org/W2402935077","https://openalex.org/W2463133053","https://openalex.org/W2472946096","https://openalex.org/W2511738007","https://openalex.org/W2522693205","https://openalex.org/W2538954804","https://openalex.org/W2565384961","https://openalex.org/W2565839243","https://openalex.org/W2592975443","https://openalex.org/W2600921989","https://openalex.org/W2741931273","https://openalex.org/W2754025451","https://openalex.org/W2765955268","https://openalex.org/W2772664513","https://openalex.org/W2776656643","https://openalex.org/W2784183009","https://openalex.org/W2787362739","https://openalex.org/W2794598702","https://openalex.org/W2798781152","https://openalex.org/W2799971135","https://openalex.org/W2923090374","https://openalex.org/W2963830578","https://openalex.org/W2999791557","https://openalex.org/W3005126905","https://openalex.org/W3039367034","https://openalex.org/W3105951068","https://openalex.org/W6658209786","https://openalex.org/W6683064372","https://openalex.org/W6731199773","https://openalex.org/W6750067717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095065017","https://openalex.org/W2138144598","https://openalex.org/W1974000248","https://openalex.org/W2082904991","https://openalex.org/W2085803349","https://openalex.org/W2742766041","https://openalex.org/W2171533994","https://openalex.org/W2387140101","https://openalex.org/W1979558256","https://openalex.org/W2946632095"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"future":[1],"of":[2,30,79,94,103,138],"transportation":[3],"systems":[4],"is":[5,18,121],"going":[6],"towards":[7],"autonomous":[8],"and":[9,53,73,82,96,113,141,147],"assisted":[10],"driving,":[11],"aiming":[12],"to":[13,25,71,129],"reach":[14],"full":[15],"automation.":[16],"There":[17],"huge":[19],"focus":[20],"on":[21,41,65,110],"communication":[22,47],"technologies":[23],"expected":[24],"offer":[26],"vehicular":[27,58],"application":[28],"services,":[29],"which":[31],"most":[32],"are":[33,69,107],"location-based":[34],"services.":[35],"This":[36],"paper":[37],"provides":[38],"a":[39],"study":[40],"localization":[42,105,152],"accuracy":[43],"limits":[44],"using":[45],"vehicle-to-infrastructure":[46],"channels":[48],"provided":[49],"by":[50,86],"IEEE":[51,117],"802.11p":[52],"LTE-V,":[54],"considering":[55,142],"two":[56],"different":[57],"network":[59,132,148],"designs.":[60],"Real":[61],"data":[62],"measurements":[63],"obtained":[64],"our":[66,111],"highway":[67],"testbed":[68],"used":[70],"model":[72],"simulate":[74],"propagation":[75],"channels,":[76],"the":[77,83,87,139,143],"position":[78],"base":[80],"stations,":[81],"route":[84],"followed":[85],"vehicle.":[88],"Cramer-Rao":[89],"lower":[90],"bound,":[91],"geometric":[92],"dilution":[93],"precision,":[95],"least":[97],"square":[98],"error":[99],"for":[100],"time":[101],"difference":[102],"arrival":[104],"technique":[106],"investigated.":[108],"Based":[109],"analyses":[112],"findings,":[114],"LTE-V":[115],"outperforms":[116],"802.11p.":[118],"However,":[119],"it":[120],"apparent":[122],"that":[123],"providing":[124],"larger":[125],"signal":[126],"bandwidth":[127],"dedicated":[128],"localization,":[130],"with":[131],"sites":[133],"positioned":[134],"at":[135],"both":[136],"sides":[137],"highway,":[140],"geometry":[144],"between":[145],"vehicle":[146,151],"sites,":[149],"improve":[150],"accuracy.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}