{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3138597573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21061995","title":"Optimized CNNs to Indoor Localization through BLE Sensors Using Improved PSO","display_name":"Optimized CNNs to Indoor Localization through BLE Sensors Using Improved PSO","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3138597573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21061995","mag":"3138597573","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33808972"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21061995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21061995","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/1995/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/1995/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081121584","display_name":"Danshi Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8078-050X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danshi Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066671694","display_name":"Erhu Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7902-693X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Erhu Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035591824","display_name":"Zhuoxi Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149087","display_name":"Xi'an Railway Survey and Design Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04emf4852","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuoxi Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Division of Surveying and Mapping, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","Xi'an Division of Surveying and Mapping, Xi'an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Division of Surveying and Mapping, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149087"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Division of Surveying and Mapping, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103173950","display_name":"Chenxi Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6099-126X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["BGI Engineering Consultants Ltd., Beijing 100038, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BGI Engineering Consultants Ltd., Beijing 100038, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101640834","display_name":"Shiyi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4158-1051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100278","display_name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0188rvx33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Satellite Navigation Center, Beijing 100094, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066671694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":2.9749,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91799132,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"6","first_page":"1995","last_page":"1995"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7310531139373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.7022942304611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beacon","display_name":"Beacon","score":0.6026376485824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5727185606956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5435578227043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.5345126390457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.4899658262729645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/received-signal-strength-indication","display_name":"Received signal strength indication","score":0.44732731580734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-behaviour","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","score":0.426638126373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.4172550439834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3596465587615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.228590726852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.18532076478004456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.13157957792282104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12509992718696594}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7310531139373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.7022942304611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102168758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7321258","display_name":"Beacon","level":2,"score":0.6026376485824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5727185606956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5435578227043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.5345126390457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.4899658262729645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778913798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195672","display_name":"Received signal strength indication","level":3,"score":0.44732731580734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.426638126373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.4172550439834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3596465587615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.228590726852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.18532076478004456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.13157957792282104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12509992718696594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21061995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21061995","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/1995/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33808972","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33808972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bb0bf45061154a7ba4da9805de3a3a78","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bb0bf45061154a7ba4da9805de3a3a78","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 6, p 1995 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/6/1995/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21061995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 6; Pages: 1995","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8000105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8000105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21061995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21061995","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/1995/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G229708499","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41874036)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4975682519","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41874036","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6306806522","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFC1503600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3138597573.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3138597573.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971784203","https://openalex.org/W1983695848","https://openalex.org/W1986396378","https://openalex.org/W2006023663","https://openalex.org/W2006036128","https://openalex.org/W2107109577","https://openalex.org/W2129740656","https://openalex.org/W2130403046","https://openalex.org/W2154416797","https://openalex.org/W2402514617","https://openalex.org/W2549315536","https://openalex.org/W2559676893","https://openalex.org/W2754068451","https://openalex.org/W2787114603","https://openalex.org/W2800371130","https://openalex.org/W2804149334","https://openalex.org/W2810403017","https://openalex.org/W2879970644","https://openalex.org/W2889707414","https://openalex.org/W2893900108","https://openalex.org/W2899052090","https://openalex.org/W2904446252","https://openalex.org/W2910064791","https://openalex.org/W2919011095","https://openalex.org/W2944307380","https://openalex.org/W2947897749","https://openalex.org/W2964063875","https://openalex.org/W2969364300","https://openalex.org/W2970032940","https://openalex.org/W2970398281","https://openalex.org/W2973151801","https://openalex.org/W2980728767","https://openalex.org/W2986670051","https://openalex.org/W2991633046","https://openalex.org/W2998165854","https://openalex.org/W3005572195","https://openalex.org/W3007523155","https://openalex.org/W3015443463","https://openalex.org/W3016913347","https://openalex.org/W3022013625","https://openalex.org/W3023897490","https://openalex.org/W3026953813","https://openalex.org/W3035920384","https://openalex.org/W3037688066","https://openalex.org/W3042799967","https://openalex.org/W3080104968","https://openalex.org/W3089168069","https://openalex.org/W3089344842","https://openalex.org/W3094507771","https://openalex.org/W6744329290","https://openalex.org/W6763039637"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313213593","https://openalex.org/W2518860590","https://openalex.org/W3136975152","https://openalex.org/W2908200024","https://openalex.org/W2973151801","https://openalex.org/W2879970644","https://openalex.org/W2989666268","https://openalex.org/W3033664077","https://openalex.org/W3195324147","https://openalex.org/W2625898571"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indoor":[0],"navigation":[1],"has":[2],"attracted":[3],"commercial":[4],"developers":[5],"and":[6,19,25,143,165,176,190,285],"researchers":[7],"in":[8,55,112,194,234,260,271,294,321],"the":[9,51,65,84,129,134,160,167,195,205,209,220,235,245,251,303],"last":[10],"few":[11],"decades.":[12],"The":[13,298],"development":[14],"of":[15,53,133,137,163,170,207,222,225,238],"localization":[16],"tools,":[17],"methods":[18,63],"frameworks":[20],"enables":[21],"current":[22],"communication":[23],"services":[24],"applications":[26,36],"to":[27,49,73,76,87,97,188,219,243,250,274,330],"be":[28,74],"optimized":[29,305],"by":[30,214],"incorporating":[31],"location":[32,293],"data.":[33],"For":[34,204,277],"clinical":[35],"such":[37],"as":[38,328],"workflow":[39],"analysis,":[40],"Bluetooth":[41],"Low":[42],"Energy":[43],"(BLE)":[44],"beacons":[45],"have":[46],"been":[47,269],"employed":[48,230],"map":[50,59],"positions":[52],"individuals":[54],"indoor":[56,89,107,114,296],"environments.":[57,116],"To":[58,180],"locations,":[60],"certain":[61],"existing":[62],"use":[64],"received":[66,135],"signal":[67],"strength":[68],"indicator":[69,139],"(RSSI).":[70],"Devices":[71],"need":[72],"configured":[75],"allow":[77],"for":[78,102,289,315],"dynamic":[79,231],"interference":[80],"patterns":[81],"when":[82],"using":[83,109],"RSSI":[85,252],"sensors":[86,111],"monitor":[88],"positions.":[90],"In":[91,145,227],"this":[92,146],"paper,":[93],"our":[94],"objective":[95],"is":[96,216],"explore":[98],"an":[99,295],"alternative":[100],"method":[101,307],"monitoring":[103],"a":[104,119,149,171,174,178,185,239,261,291,317,322],"moving":[105,318],"user's":[106,292,319],"position":[108],"BLE":[110,255],"complex":[113,323,326],"building":[115,262,324],"We":[117],"developed":[118],"Convolutional":[120],"Neural":[121],"Network":[122],"(CNN)":[123],"based":[124,127],"positioning":[125],"model":[126],"on":[128],"2D":[130],"image":[131],"composed":[132],"number":[136],"signals":[138,253],"from":[140,254],"both":[141],"x":[142],"y-axes.":[144],"way,":[147],"like":[148],"pixel,":[150],"we":[151,183,229,280],"interact":[152],"with":[153,312],"each":[154,223],"10":[155,157],"\u00d7":[156],"matrix":[158],"holding":[159],"spatial":[161],"information":[162],"coordinates":[164],"suggest":[166],"possible":[168],"shift":[169],"sensor,":[172],"adding":[173],"sensor":[175],"removing":[177],"sensor.":[179],"develop":[181],"CNN":[182,246],"adopted":[184,282],"neuro-evolution":[186],"approach":[187],"optimize":[189],"create":[191],"several":[192],"layers":[193],"network":[196],"dynamically,":[197],"through":[198],"enhanced":[199],"Particle":[200],"Swarm":[201],"Optimization":[202],"(PSO).":[203],"optimization":[206],"CNN,":[208],"global":[210],"best":[211],"solution":[212],"obtained":[213],"PSO":[215],"directly":[217],"given":[218],"weights":[221,233],"layer":[224],"CNN.":[226],"addition,":[228],"inertia":[232,241],"PSO,":[236],"instead":[237],"constant":[240],"weight,":[242],"maintain":[244],"layers'":[247],"length":[248],"corresponding":[249],"sensors.":[256],"Experiments":[257],"were":[258],"conducted":[259],"environment":[263],"where":[264],"thirteen":[265],"beacon":[266],"devices":[267],"had":[268],"installed":[270],"different":[272],"locations":[273,320],"record":[275],"coordinates.":[276],"evaluation":[278],"comparison,":[279],"further":[281],"machine":[283],"learning":[284,287],"deep":[286],"algorithms":[288],"predicting":[290],"environment.":[297],"experimental":[299],"results":[300],"indicate":[301],"that":[302],"proposed":[304],"CNN-based":[306],"shows":[308],"high":[309],"accuracy":[310],"(97.92%":[311],"2.8%":[313],"error)":[314],"tracking":[316],"without":[325],"calibration":[327],"compared":[329],"other":[331],"recent":[332],"methods.":[333]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}