{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135228757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21061962","title":"Deep Learning for Transient Image Reconstruction from ToF Data","display_name":"Deep Learning for Transient Image Reconstruction from ToF Data","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135228757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21061962","mag":"3135228757","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33799603"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21061962","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21061962","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/1962/pdf?version=1615455577","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/1962/pdf?version=1615455577","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008578438","display_name":"Enrico Buratto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-2380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrico Buratto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/b, 35131 Padova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-2380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/b, 35131 Padova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020344106","display_name":"Adriano Simonetto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adriano Simonetto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/b, 35131 Padova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/b, 35131 Padova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010490677","display_name":"Gianluca Agresti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7072-0079"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Agresti","raw_affiliation_strings":["R&amp;D Center Europe Stuttgart Laboratory 1, Sony Europe B.V., Hedelfinger Str. 61, 70327 Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R&amp;D Center Europe Stuttgart Laboratory 1, Sony Europe B.V., Hedelfinger Str. 61, 70327 Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111710732","display_name":"Henrik Sch\u00e4fer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrik Sch\u00e4fer","raw_affiliation_strings":["R&amp;D Center Europe Stuttgart Laboratory 1, Sony Europe B.V., Hedelfinger Str. 61, 70327 Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R&amp;D Center Europe Stuttgart Laboratory 1, Sony Europe B.V., Hedelfinger Str. 61, 70327 Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070777118","display_name":"Pietro Zanuttigh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9502-2389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Zanuttigh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/b, 35131 Padova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9502-2389","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/b, 35131 Padova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070777118"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":6.4276,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95989481,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"6","first_page":"1962","last_page":"1962"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13869","display_name":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7622255086898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6057309508323669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5950043201446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5735899806022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-illumination","display_name":"Global illumination","score":0.5043598413467407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4936924874782562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.49253377318382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impulse","display_name":"Impulse (physics)","score":0.4590029716491699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43078941106796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impulse-response","display_name":"Impulse response","score":0.41804203391075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11862584948539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1120741069316864}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7622255086898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6057309508323669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5950043201446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5735899806022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89720835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1531701","display_name":"Global illumination","level":3,"score":0.5043598413467407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4936924874782562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.49253377318382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70836080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837940","display_name":"Impulse (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4590029716491699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43078941106796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72279823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139726","display_name":"Impulse response","level":2,"score":0.41804203391075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11862584948539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1120741069316864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21061962","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21061962","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/1962/pdf?version=1615455577","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33799603","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33799603","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:98cad367926448cb8bd0a19b9f75756e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/98cad367926448cb8bd0a19b9f75756e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 6, p 1962 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/6/1962/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21061962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 6; Pages: 1962","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7998498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7998498","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3389550","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/1962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196283","display_name":"Research Padua  Archive (University of Padua)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21061962","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21061962","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/6/1962/pdf?version=1615455577","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135228757.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W75517964","https://openalex.org/W134016981","https://openalex.org/W600210939","https://openalex.org/W1513324323","https://openalex.org/W1826919311","https://openalex.org/W1937534317","https://openalex.org/W1983193557","https://openalex.org/W1984039196","https://openalex.org/W2016620160","https://openalex.org/W2021347102","https://openalex.org/W2023021573","https://openalex.org/W2050405342","https://openalex.org/W2060872525","https://openalex.org/W2067127947","https://openalex.org/W2072419079","https://openalex.org/W2102251931","https://openalex.org/W2127578024","https://openalex.org/W2129804534","https://openalex.org/W2131653896","https://openalex.org/W2136849599","https://openalex.org/W2146881125","https://openalex.org/W2154332337","https://openalex.org/W2166685675","https://openalex.org/W2168894291","https://openalex.org/W2177564859","https://openalex.org/W2314059154","https://openalex.org/W2412454633","https://openalex.org/W2486979733","https://openalex.org/W2520340802","https://openalex.org/W2538216436","https://openalex.org/W2547798018","https://openalex.org/W2739892638","https://openalex.org/W2768431869","https://openalex.org/W2790845983","https://openalex.org/W2793604749","https://openalex.org/W2799176195","https://openalex.org/W2799224898","https://openalex.org/W2884480653","https://openalex.org/W2912555761","https://openalex.org/W2914535147","https://openalex.org/W2941321555","https://openalex.org/W2954174912","https://openalex.org/W2954563178","https://openalex.org/W2962874294","https://openalex.org/W2964608097","https://openalex.org/W2966437379","https://openalex.org/W2980196494","https://openalex.org/W3020867216","https://openalex.org/W3087641498","https://openalex.org/W3106403396","https://openalex.org/W3109262191","https://openalex.org/W3151852539","https://openalex.org/W4231059779","https://openalex.org/W6618183935","https://openalex.org/W6665711986","https://openalex.org/W6684697157","https://openalex.org/W6728928815","https://openalex.org/W6729436361"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4300709667","https://openalex.org/W3135697610","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2171299904","https://openalex.org/W1647606319","https://openalex.org/W2922442631","https://openalex.org/W2272518678","https://openalex.org/W2140267235"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"work,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5,41,64,83,87,99,104,118],"novel":[6,65],"approach":[7],"for":[8],"correcting":[9],"multi-path":[10],"interference":[11],"(MPI)":[12],"in":[13],"Time-of-Flight":[14],"(ToF)":[15],"cameras":[16],"by":[17],"estimating":[18],"the":[19,25,35,60,71,74,109,113,124,128,139,142],"direct":[20],"and":[21,79,117],"global":[22],"components":[23],"of":[24,38,59,73,90,95,108,141],"incoming":[26],"light.":[27],"MPI":[28],"is":[29],"an":[30,57],"error":[31],"source":[32],"linked":[33],"to":[34,56],"multiple":[36],"reflections":[37],"light":[39,51,131],"inside":[40],"scene;":[42],"each":[43],"sensor":[44],"pixel":[45],"receives":[46],"information":[47],"coming":[48],"from":[49,80,112],"different":[50],"paths":[52],"which":[53,69,122,145],"generally":[54],"leads":[55],"overestimation":[58],"depth.":[61],"We":[62],"introduce":[63],"deep":[66],"learning":[67],"approach,":[68,144],"estimates":[70],"structure":[72],"time-dependent":[75],"scene":[76],"impulse":[77],"response":[78],"it":[81],"recovers":[82],"depth":[84],"image":[85],"with":[86],"reduced":[88],"amount":[89],"MPI.":[91],"The":[92],"model":[93,101,121],"consists":[94],"two":[96],"main":[97],"blocks:":[98],"predictive":[100],"that":[102],"learns":[103],"compact":[105],"encoded":[106,125],"representation":[107,126],"backscattering":[110,120],"vector":[111],"noisy":[114],"input":[115],"data":[116,137],"fixed":[119],"translates":[123],"into":[127],"high":[129],"dimensional":[130],"response.":[132],"Experimental":[133],"results":[134],"on":[135],"real":[136],"show":[138],"effectiveness":[140],"proposed":[143],"reaches":[146],"state-of-the-art":[147],"performances.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
