{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133573259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051912","title":"Design and Performance Evaluation of a \u201cFixed-Point\u201d Spar Buoy Equipped with a Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Unit for Floating Near-Shore Applications","display_name":"Design and Performance Evaluation of a \u201cFixed-Point\u201d Spar Buoy Equipped with a Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Unit for Floating Near-Shore Applications","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133573259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051912","mag":"3133573259","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33803353"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21051912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051912","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1912/pdf?version=1615365778","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1912/pdf?version=1615365778","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062896337","display_name":"Damiano Alizzio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-0370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Damiano Alizzio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.da Di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.da Di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052108032","display_name":"Marco Bonfanti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1642-4989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39063666","display_name":"University of Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/03a64bh57","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Bonfanti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 54, 95100 Catania, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 54, 95100 Catania, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046776050","display_name":"Nicola Donato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1554-2182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Donato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.da Di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.da Di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088620201","display_name":"Carla Faraci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1532-4190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carla Faraci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.da Di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.da Di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051736865","display_name":"G. Grasso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3176-6773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39063666","display_name":"University of Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/03a64bh57","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Maria Grasso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 54, 95100 Catania, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 54, 95100 Catania, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007127606","display_name":"Fabio Lo Savio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9799-0754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39063666","display_name":"University of Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/03a64bh57","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Lo Savio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 54, 95100 Catania, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 54, 95100 Catania, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082519574","display_name":"Roberto Montanini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-0139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Montanini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.da Di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.da Di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024248656","display_name":"Antonino Quattrocchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2567-9588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Antonino Quattrocchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.da Di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.da Di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024248656","https://openalex.org/A5062896337"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.041,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74616928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"5","first_page":"1912","last_page":"1912"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11250","display_name":"Wave and Wind Energy Systems","score":0.9801999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buoy","display_name":"Buoy","score":0.8679996728897095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-harvesting","display_name":"Energy harvesting","score":0.6976481080055237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spar","display_name":"Spar","score":0.5403914451599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transducer","display_name":"Transducer","score":0.5276694893836975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5089304447174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/piezoelectricity","display_name":"Piezoelectricity","score":0.46657073497772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.44715309143066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4439029097557068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.4021105468273163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2841533124446869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11345061659812927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779847632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30026","display_name":"Buoy","level":2,"score":0.8679996728897095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101518730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930236","display_name":"Energy harvesting","level":3,"score":0.6976481080055237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776698545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374641","display_name":"Spar","level":2,"score":0.5403914451599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56318395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215928","display_name":"Transducer","level":2,"score":0.5276694893836975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5089304447174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100082104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183759","display_name":"Piezoelectricity","level":2,"score":0.46657073497772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.44715309143066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4439029097557068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.4021105468273163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2841533124446869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11345061659812927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21051912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051912","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1912/pdf?version=1615365778","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33803353","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33803353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3b4ba971170a4fb0b25a044e45be6742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3b4ba971170a4fb0b25a044e45be6742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 5, p 1912 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/5/1912/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 5; Pages: 1912","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7967170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7967170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21051912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051912","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1912/pdf?version=1615365778","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133573259.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133573259.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984648208","https://openalex.org/W1990474613","https://openalex.org/W2006926909","https://openalex.org/W2008818481","https://openalex.org/W2011304713","https://openalex.org/W2018190733","https://openalex.org/W2022297109","https://openalex.org/W2062310442","https://openalex.org/W2066717950","https://openalex.org/W2068487172","https://openalex.org/W2083039931","https://openalex.org/W2089800371","https://openalex.org/W2131261240","https://openalex.org/W2149472588","https://openalex.org/W2165084835","https://openalex.org/W2473968772","https://openalex.org/W2589502155","https://openalex.org/W2744987086","https://openalex.org/W2756399209","https://openalex.org/W2782301885","https://openalex.org/W2783865316","https://openalex.org/W2795915976","https://openalex.org/W2887228159","https://openalex.org/W2911008066","https://openalex.org/W2956228866","https://openalex.org/W2958652100","https://openalex.org/W3087823806","https://openalex.org/W3092870347","https://openalex.org/W4234792588","https://openalex.org/W6667507870","https://openalex.org/W6783489168"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229364042","https://openalex.org/W2356200252","https://openalex.org/W2031289439","https://openalex.org/W2366018118","https://openalex.org/W2016723836","https://openalex.org/W2074687562","https://openalex.org/W2407361169","https://openalex.org/W4293072307","https://openalex.org/W3036249939","https://openalex.org/W2611342974"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,49],"the":[1,34,53,72,106,109,113,124,129,132,141,146],"present":[2],"work,":[3],"a":[4,13,23,50,60],"spar-buoy":[5],"scaled":[6,54],"model":[7],"was":[8,66,91,121,134],"designed":[9],"and":[10,77,95,112,145],"built":[11],"through":[12],"\"Lab-on-Sea\"":[14],"unit,":[15,35],"equipped":[16],"with":[17],"an":[18,102],"energy":[19,40,84],"harvesting":[20],"system.":[21,150],"Such":[22],"system":[24],"is":[25],"based":[26],"on":[27],"deformable":[28],"bands,":[29],"which":[30,120],"are":[31],"loyal":[32],"to":[33,36,70,82,136,139],"convert":[37],"wave":[38,63],"motion":[39,64],"into":[41],"electricity":[42],"by":[43],"means":[44],"of":[45,89,108,115],"piezo":[46,125],"patch":[47,126],"transducers.":[48],"preliminary":[51],"stage,":[52],"model,":[55],"suitable":[56],"for":[57],"tests":[58],"in":[59,68,75,131],"controlled":[61],"ripples-type":[62],"channel,":[65],"tested":[67],"order":[69],"verify":[71],"\"fixed-point\"":[73],"assumption":[74],"pitch":[76],"roll":[78],"motions":[79],"and,":[80],"consequently,":[81],"optimize":[83],"harvesting.":[85],"A":[86],"special":[87],"type":[88],"structure":[90],"designed,":[92],"numerically":[93],"simulated,":[94],"experimentally":[96],"verified.":[97],"The":[98,118],"proposed":[99],"solution":[100],"represents":[101],"advantageous":[103],"compromise":[104],"between":[105],"lightness":[107],"used":[110],"materials":[111],"amount":[114],"recoverable":[116],"energy.":[117],"energy,":[119],"obtained":[122],"from":[123],"transducers":[127],"during":[128],"simulations":[130],"laboratory,":[133],"found":[135],"be":[137],"enough":[138],"self-sustain":[140],"feasible":[142],"on-board":[143],"sensors":[144],"remote":[147],"data":[148],"transmission":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}