{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134331372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051862","title":"Optical Sensing Using Fiber-Optic Multimode Interference Devices: A Review of Nonconventional Sensing Schemes","display_name":"Optical Sensing Using Fiber-Optic Multimode Interference Devices: A Review of Nonconventional Sensing Schemes","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134331372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051862","mag":"3134331372","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33800041"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21051862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051862","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1862/pdf?version=1615116214","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1862/pdf?version=1615116214","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055723704","display_name":"J. R. Guzm\u00e1n-Sep\u00falveda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7120-8253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138439","display_name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados","ror":"https://ror.org/03h954e30","country_code":"MX","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138439"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59361560","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","ror":"https://ror.org/059sp8j34","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Rafael Guzm\u00e1n-Sep\u00falveda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Monterrey, V\u00eda del Conocimiento 201, Parque de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica, km 9.5 de la Autopista Nueva al Aeropuerto, Apodaca, 66600 Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7120-8253","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Monterrey, V\u00eda del Conocimiento 201, Parque de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica, km 9.5 de la Autopista Nueva al Aeropuerto, Apodaca, 66600 Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I4210138439"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030185432","display_name":"Rafael Guzm\u00e1n-Cabrera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9320-7021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129858807","display_name":"Universidad de Guanajuato","ror":"https://ror.org/058cjye32","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129858807"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Guzm\u00e1n-Cabrera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Divisi\u00f3n de Ingenier\u00edas, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, km 3.5 + 1.8 carretera Salamanca-Valle de Santiago, Salamanca, 36730 Guanajuato, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9320-7021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Divisi\u00f3n de Ingenier\u00edas, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, km 3.5 + 1.8 carretera Salamanca-Valle de Santiago, Salamanca, 36730 Guanajuato, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129858807"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004166424","display_name":"A. Castillo-Guzm\u00e1n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0505-832X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169046204","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/01fh86n78","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169046204"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arturo Alberto Castillo-Guzm\u00e1n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ciencias F\u00edsico Matem\u00e1ticas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, 66455 Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ciencias F\u00edsico Matem\u00e1ticas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza, 66455 Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169046204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055723704"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138439","https://openalex.org/I59361560"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":5.4902,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96478078,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"5","first_page":"1862","last_page":"1862"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-mode-optical-fiber","display_name":"Multi-mode optical fiber","score":0.7688179016113281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.6620267629623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.570704996585846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-optic-sensor","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","score":0.5202087759971619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-index","display_name":"Refractive index","score":0.518661379814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber","display_name":"Fiber","score":0.46455758810043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4578371047973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.420244038105011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.4044380784034729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38659924268722534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3421397805213928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2425558865070343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23429542779922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18055593967437744}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101645829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781857","display_name":"Multi-mode optical fiber","level":3,"score":0.7688179016113281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.6620267629623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.570704996585846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21651689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397427","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","level":3,"score":0.5202087759971619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42067758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174102","display_name":"Refractive index","level":2,"score":0.518661379814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519885992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161","display_name":"Fiber","level":2,"score":0.46455758810043335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4578371047973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.420244038105011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4044380784034729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38659924268722534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3421397805213928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2425558865070343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23429542779922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18055593967437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21051862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051862","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1862/pdf?version=1615116214","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33800041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33800041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:181cbc4e4c7341a8a67f3d181f40dddc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/181cbc4e4c7341a8a67f3d181f40dddc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 5, p 1862 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/5/1862/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 5; Pages: 1862","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7962118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7962118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21051862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051862","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1862/pdf?version=1615116214","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134331372.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134331372.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151505382","https://openalex.org/W841649128","https://openalex.org/W995365080","https://openalex.org/W1586053627","https://openalex.org/W1964979592","https://openalex.org/W1965829632","https://openalex.org/W1967287261","https://openalex.org/W1969179462","https://openalex.org/W1970697997","https://openalex.org/W1975722314","https://openalex.org/W1981201940","https://openalex.org/W1991101995","https://openalex.org/W1991825254","https://openalex.org/W1995286407","https://openalex.org/W1995483036","https://openalex.org/W1998603546","https://openalex.org/W2000816985","https://openalex.org/W2001012016","https://openalex.org/W2007663399","https://openalex.org/W2013004011","https://openalex.org/W2017772104","https://openalex.org/W2025025548","https://openalex.org/W2026658822","https://openalex.org/W2030076564","https://openalex.org/W2030206328","https://openalex.org/W2031926087","https://openalex.org/W2036064936","https://openalex.org/W2041906176","https://openalex.org/W2044294649","https://openalex.org/W2044519658","https://openalex.org/W2047431552","https://openalex.org/W2049368034","https://openalex.org/W2051144463","https://openalex.org/W2053640918","https://openalex.org/W2058540407","https://openalex.org/W2061878607","https://openalex.org/W2070020627","https://openalex.org/W2072028904","https://openalex.org/W2074856018","https://openalex.org/W2077997628","https://openalex.org/W2084073146","https://openalex.org/W2086470197","https://openalex.org/W2088834109","https://openalex.org/W2090118688","https://openalex.org/W2092965076","https://openalex.org/W2094603328","https://openalex.org/W2110116747","https://openalex.org/W2111472104","https://openalex.org/W2135441702","https://openalex.org/W2153206411","https://openalex.org/W2156625620","https://openalex.org/W2162491353","https://openalex.org/W2170725022","https://openalex.org/W2242198875","https://openalex.org/W2274429085","https://openalex.org/W2284797198","https://openalex.org/W2307519349","https://openalex.org/W2314812446","https://openalex.org/W2319334732","https://openalex.org/W2329307961","https://openalex.org/W2331422430","https://openalex.org/W2529689041","https://openalex.org/W2558454600","https://openalex.org/W2579369911","https://openalex.org/W2585291824","https://openalex.org/W2590758650","https://openalex.org/W2606026362","https://openalex.org/W2626139614","https://openalex.org/W2735679036","https://openalex.org/W2737809366","https://openalex.org/W2760017939","https://openalex.org/W2766044721","https://openalex.org/W2783939967","https://openalex.org/W2790418100","https://openalex.org/W2797175748","https://openalex.org/W2799481638","https://openalex.org/W2904195888","https://openalex.org/W2906288520","https://openalex.org/W2940341621","https://openalex.org/W2974519174","https://openalex.org/W2977855898","https://openalex.org/W2991542519","https://openalex.org/W3036540595","https://openalex.org/W3047779918","https://openalex.org/W3088967389","https://openalex.org/W3093565574","https://openalex.org/W3095127470","https://openalex.org/W3108144186","https://openalex.org/W3114067744","https://openalex.org/W3150912832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075740174","https://openalex.org/W2567745884","https://openalex.org/W610912452","https://openalex.org/W2036102429","https://openalex.org/W2076860621","https://openalex.org/W2942569287","https://openalex.org/W2547494374","https://openalex.org/W1979506785","https://openalex.org/W2075841941","https://openalex.org/W3182082895"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"review":[1,18,24,43,77],"fiber-based":[2,13],"multimode":[3],"interference":[4],"(MMI)":[5],"devices":[6],"with":[7],"a":[8,20],"particular":[9],"focus":[10],"on":[11,45,85],"optical":[12],"sensing":[14,27],"applications.":[15],"The":[16],"present":[17],"complements":[19],"recently":[21],"published,":[22],"extensive":[23],"where":[25],"the":[26,66,70,93,102],"of":[28,63,72,81,96,104],"conventional":[29],"physical":[30,51],"variables":[31],"such":[32],"as":[33],"refractive":[34],"index,":[35],"temperature,":[36],"displacement,":[37],"and":[38,57,99],"strain":[39],"was":[40],"covered.":[41],"This":[42],"focuses":[44],"MMI":[46],"fiber":[47],"sensors":[48],"for":[49,88,91,100],"nonconventional":[50],"variables,":[52],"including":[53],"mechanical,":[54],"electromagnetic,":[55],"chemical,":[56],"optical,":[58],"covering":[59],"around":[60],"fifteen":[61],"years":[62],"work":[64],"in":[65],"field.":[67],"Finally,":[68],"by":[69],"end":[71],"this":[73],"paper,":[74],"we":[75],"also":[76],"some":[78],"new":[79],"trends":[80],"MMI-based":[82],"schemes":[83],"based":[84],"polymer":[86],"fibers,":[87],"wavelength-locking":[89],"applications,":[90],"retrieving":[92],"thermo-optic":[94],"coefficient":[95],"liquid":[97],"samples,":[98],"measuring":[101],"dynamics":[103],"complex":[105],"fluids.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
