{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135601218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051825","title":"A Comparative Analysis of Signal Decomposition Techniques for Structural Health Monitoring on an Experimental Benchmark","display_name":"A Comparative Analysis of Signal Decomposition Techniques for Structural Health Monitoring on an Experimental Benchmark","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135601218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051825","mag":"3135601218","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33807884"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21051825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051825","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014694124","display_name":"Marco Civera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0414-7440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marco Civera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering\u2014DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering\u2014DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062501835","display_name":"Cecilia Surace","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-9432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cecilia Surace","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering\u2014DISEG, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering\u2014DISEG, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014694124"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":9.8089,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":105,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99003524,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"5","first_page":"1825","last_page":"1825"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.717046856880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-health-monitoring","display_name":"Structural health monitoring","score":0.6047874093055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5099321603775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decomposition","display_name":"Decomposition","score":0.4978811740875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.48463043570518494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45290738344192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3257264494895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3240407109260559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.267032265663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.18322208523750305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.14640873670578003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.11415067315101624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.08796557784080505}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.717046856880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776247918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423713","display_name":"Structural health monitoring","level":2,"score":0.6047874093055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5099321603775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.4978811740875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.48463043570518494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45290738344192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3257264494895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3240407109260559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.267032265663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.18322208523750305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.14640873670578003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.11415067315101624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.08796557784080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21051825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33807884","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33807884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:abdc92461d444225952143f646ee73cd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/abdc92461d444225952143f646ee73cd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 5, p 1825 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/5/1825/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 5; Pages: 1825","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7962053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7962053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21051825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163612977","https://openalex.org/W1135181409","https://openalex.org/W1502922572","https://openalex.org/W1589046910","https://openalex.org/W1605622899","https://openalex.org/W1969998789","https://openalex.org/W1972125873","https://openalex.org/W1975921140","https://openalex.org/W1977066927","https://openalex.org/W1981504035","https://openalex.org/W1994731677","https://openalex.org/W1999530068","https://openalex.org/W2000982976","https://openalex.org/W2004971874","https://openalex.org/W2006292556","https://openalex.org/W2006816577","https://openalex.org/W2007221293","https://openalex.org/W2009465763","https://openalex.org/W2019900743","https://openalex.org/W2022708491","https://openalex.org/W2027753389","https://openalex.org/W2027976741","https://openalex.org/W2028119131","https://openalex.org/W2028497691","https://openalex.org/W2031312109","https://openalex.org/W2035733897","https://openalex.org/W2035960432","https://openalex.org/W2037082124","https://openalex.org/W2053342603","https://openalex.org/W2056651867","https://openalex.org/W2061656626","https://openalex.org/W2066980082","https://openalex.org/W2076639095","https://openalex.org/W2077664060","https://openalex.org/W2096125904","https://openalex.org/W2098395403","https://openalex.org/W2106665847","https://openalex.org/W2120390927","https://openalex.org/W2125056386","https://openalex.org/W2127583003","https://openalex.org/W2132085292","https://openalex.org/W2135472223","https://openalex.org/W2138402108","https://openalex.org/W2140554090","https://openalex.org/W2149930814","https://openalex.org/W2150869884","https://openalex.org/W2152584768","https://openalex.org/W2157000920","https://openalex.org/W2167484035","https://openalex.org/W2283544056","https://openalex.org/W2304655379","https://openalex.org/W2399847232","https://openalex.org/W2477330690","https://openalex.org/W2488314661","https://openalex.org/W2503268221","https://openalex.org/W2513205244","https://openalex.org/W2587165555","https://openalex.org/W2592664388","https://openalex.org/W2600387578","https://openalex.org/W2736989556","https://openalex.org/W2763872354","https://openalex.org/W2766124620","https://openalex.org/W2770124217","https://openalex.org/W2778090401","https://openalex.org/W2781720128","https://openalex.org/W2789590792","https://openalex.org/W2789606595","https://openalex.org/W2790874689","https://openalex.org/W2899583826","https://openalex.org/W2900281000","https://openalex.org/W2910272630","https://openalex.org/W2945740878","https://openalex.org/W2962837876","https://openalex.org/W2987360085","https://openalex.org/W2990981085","https://openalex.org/W2991644301","https://openalex.org/W3000147776","https://openalex.org/W3008068304","https://openalex.org/W3042354547","https://openalex.org/W3081701239","https://openalex.org/W3118614566","https://openalex.org/W3140020643","https://openalex.org/W3141408015","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W4235292672","https://openalex.org/W4237207237","https://openalex.org/W4298851899","https://openalex.org/W4376849658","https://openalex.org/W6674640772","https://openalex.org/W6678397702"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W4246352526","https://openalex.org/W2121910908","https://openalex.org/W915438175","https://openalex.org/W2010811249"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Signal":[0],"Processing":[1],"is,":[2],"arguably,":[3],"the":[4,23,52,90,115,120,126,134,147,172,175],"fundamental":[5],"enabling":[6],"technology":[7],"for":[8,107],"vibration-based":[9],"Structural":[10],"Health":[11],"Monitoring":[12],"(SHM),":[13],"which":[14,63],"includes":[15],"damage":[16],"detection":[17],"and":[18,79,125,143,153,165,169,186,196],"more":[19],"advanced":[20],"tasks.":[21],"However,":[22,51],"investigation":[24],"of":[25,36,100,139,155,174],"real-life":[26],"vibration":[27],"measurements":[28],"is":[29],"quite":[30],"compelling.":[31],"For":[32],"a":[33,40,82,98,182,189],"better":[34],"understanding":[35],"its":[37,48,69],"dynamic":[38],"behaviour,":[39],"multi-degree-of-freedom":[41],"system":[42],"should":[43],"be":[44,56,75,133],"efficiently":[45],"decomposed":[46],"into":[47],"independent":[49],"components.":[50],"target":[53],"structure":[54],"may":[55],"affected":[57],"by":[58],"(damage-related":[59],"or":[60],"not)":[61],"nonlinearities,":[62],"appear":[64],"as":[65,77,159,161],"noise-like":[66],"distortions":[67],"in":[68],"vibrational":[70],"response.":[71],"This":[72],"response":[73],"can":[74],"nonstationary":[76,197],"well":[78,160],"thus":[80],"requires":[81],"time-frequency":[83],"analysis.":[84,110],"Adaptive":[85],"mode":[86],"decomposition":[87,113],"methods":[88],"are":[89,167,178],"most":[91,135],"apt":[92],"strategy":[93],"under":[94],"these":[95,156],"circumstances.":[96],"Here,":[97],"shortlist":[99],"three":[101,176],"well-established":[102],"algorithms":[103,177],"has":[104],"been":[105],"selected":[106],"an":[108],"in-depth":[109],"These":[111],"signal":[112],"approaches-namely,":[114],"Empirical":[116],"Mode":[117,128],"Decomposition":[118,123,129],"(EMD),":[119],"Hilbert":[121],"Vibration":[122],"(HVD),":[124],"Variational":[127],"(VMD)-are":[130],"deemed":[131],"to":[132],"representative":[136],"ones":[137],"because":[138],"their":[140,162],"extensive":[141],"use":[142],"favourable":[144],"reception":[145],"from":[146],"research":[148],"community.":[149],"The":[150],"main":[151],"aspects":[152],"properties":[154],"data-adaptive":[157],"methods,":[158],"advantages,":[163],"limitations,":[164],"drawbacks,":[166],"discussed":[168],"compared.":[170],"Then,":[171],"potentialities":[173],"assessed":[179],"firstly":[180],"on":[181,188],"numerical":[183],"case":[184],"study":[185],"then":[187],"well-known":[190],"experimental":[191],"benchmark,":[192],"including":[193],"nonlinear":[194],"cases":[195],"signals.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}