{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134321502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051667","title":"A Privacy Preservation Quality of Service (QoS) Model for Data Exposure in Android Smartphone Usage","display_name":"A Privacy Preservation Quality of Service (QoS) Model for Data Exposure in Android Smartphone Usage","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134321502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051667","mag":"3134321502","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33804293"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21051667","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051667","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1667/pdf?version=1614565436","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1667/pdf?version=1614565436","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081404717","display_name":"Anizah Abu Bakar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4030-053X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anizah Abu Bakar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4030-053X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008643553","display_name":"Manmeet Mahinderjit Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8081-5223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manmeet Mahinderjit Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8081-5223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003712334","display_name":"Azizul Rahman Mohd Shariff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4772-9600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azizul Rahman Mohd Shariff","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008643553","https://openalex.org/A5081404717"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.7287,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87100475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"5","first_page":"1667","last_page":"1667"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.867790699005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6297701597213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.544799268245697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.47472628951072693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection","display_name":"Data collection","score":0.42846834659576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.395707368850708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2278171181678772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09512278437614441}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.867790699005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6297701597213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.544799268245697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.47472628951072693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.42846834659576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.395707368850708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2278171181678772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09512278437614441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21051667","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051667","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1667/pdf?version=1614565436","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33804293","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33804293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7957555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7957555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8efdf5a78f3c43648a37aa27fa760880","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8efdf5a78f3c43648a37aa27fa760880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 5, p 1667 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/5/1667/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 5; Pages: 1667","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21051667","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051667","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1667/pdf?version=1614565436","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5006354060","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1001/PKOMP/8014003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322757","funder_display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322757","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134321502.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134321502.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W967998618","https://openalex.org/W1933979908","https://openalex.org/W1979796619","https://openalex.org/W2019356162","https://openalex.org/W2319884521","https://openalex.org/W2397322418","https://openalex.org/W2465712103","https://openalex.org/W2482565383","https://openalex.org/W2682226420","https://openalex.org/W2898486454","https://openalex.org/W2898508426","https://openalex.org/W2939162399","https://openalex.org/W2949108178","https://openalex.org/W2966137607","https://openalex.org/W2994656144","https://openalex.org/W3002730159","https://openalex.org/W3003129027","https://openalex.org/W3005003168","https://openalex.org/W3021246153","https://openalex.org/W3080348755","https://openalex.org/W3090910431","https://openalex.org/W3095209748","https://openalex.org/W3108974999","https://openalex.org/W3123596273","https://openalex.org/W3193960323","https://openalex.org/W3202712820"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W4246352526","https://openalex.org/W314149412","https://openalex.org/W2324333991","https://openalex.org/W629489292"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0,125],"Android":[1,34,98],"smartphone":[2,35,99],"contains":[3],"built-in":[4],"and":[5,18,20,52,72,89,93,120,133,150,194,220],"externally":[6],"downloaded":[7],"applications":[8,54,145,177],"that":[9,48,85,115,173],"are":[10,214],"used":[11,64],"for":[12],"entertainment,":[13],"finance,":[14],"navigation,":[15],"communication,":[16],"health":[17],"fitness,":[19],"so":[21],"on.":[22],"The":[23,40,170,218],"behaviour":[24],"of":[25,69,81,187,222],"granting":[26],"permissions":[27,148],"requested":[28],"by":[29,76,143,158],"apps":[30],"might":[31],"expose":[32],"the":[33,67,73,82,87,147,151,160,165,179,205,223],"user":[36,51,70,88,100,140],"to":[37,65,105,138,184,204],"privacy":[38,107,111],"risks.":[39,55],"existing":[41,166],"works":[42],"lack":[43],"a":[44,109,117],"formalized":[45,110],"mathematical":[46],"model":[47,112],"can":[49,61],"quantify":[50],"system":[53],"No":[56],"multifaceted":[57],"data":[58,71,141],"collector":[59],"tool":[60],"also":[62],"be":[63],"monitor":[66],"collection":[68],"risk":[74,83,95,181],"posed":[75,178],"each":[77],"application.":[78],"A":[79,154],"benchmark":[80,155,206],"level":[84],"alerts":[86],"distinguishes":[90],"between":[91],"acceptable":[92,195],"unacceptable":[94],"levels":[96],"in":[97,135],"does":[101],"not":[102],"exist.":[103],"Hence,":[104],"address":[106],"risk,":[108,196],"called":[113],"PRiMo":[114,162],"uses":[116],"tree":[118],"structure":[119],"calculus":[121],"knowledge":[122],"is":[123,131,156,226],"proposed.":[124],"App-sensor":[126],"Mobile":[127],"Data":[128],"Collector":[129],"(AMoDaC)":[130],"developed":[132],"implemented":[134],"real":[136],"life":[137],"analyse":[139],"accessed":[142],"mobile":[144],"through":[146],"granted":[149],"risks":[152,211],"involved.":[153],"proposed":[157,161,224],"comparing":[159],"outcome":[163],"with":[164],"available":[167],"testing":[168],"metrics.":[169],"results":[171],"show":[172],"Tools":[174],"&":[175],"Utility/Productivity":[176],"highest":[180],"as":[182,216],"compared":[183],"other":[185],"categories":[186],"applications.":[188],"Furthermore,":[189],"29":[190],"users":[191,199,208],"faced":[192,200,210],"low":[193],"while":[197],"two":[198],"medium":[201],"risk.":[202],"According":[203],"proposed,":[207],"who":[209],"below":[212],"25%":[213],"considered":[215],"safe.":[217],"effectiveness":[219],"accuracy":[221],"work":[225],"96.8%.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
