{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3131643225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051556","title":"Machine Learning for 5G MIMO Modulation Detection","display_name":"Machine Learning for 5G MIMO Modulation Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3131643225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051556","mag":"3131643225","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33668102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21051556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051556","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1556/pdf?version=1614674815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1556/pdf?version=1614674815","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051623848","display_name":"Haithem Ben Chikha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7863-6752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haithem Ben Chikha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering and Networks Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7863-6752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering and Networks Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045221683","display_name":"Ahmad Almadhor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8665-1669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Almadhor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering and Networks Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8665-1669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering and Networks Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040810553","display_name":"Waqas Khalid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8520-7219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89004649","display_name":"Korea Institute of Industrial Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04qfph657","country_code":"KR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I89004649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waqas Khalid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8520-7219","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611","https://openalex.org/I89004649"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051623848"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.5607,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8554677,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"5","first_page":"1556","last_page":"1556"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.651382327079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6236450672149658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6092857718467712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.49790215492248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46341222524642944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45367687940597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.42841601371765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-theory","display_name":"Detection theory","score":0.4173373579978943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-radio","display_name":"Software-defined radio","score":0.41455554962158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.41405317187309265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.4128516912460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3910897970199585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.34698933362960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33297622203826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23290425539016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2239929735660553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2090248465538025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.09582284092903137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.651382327079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6236450672149658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6092857718467712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.49790215492248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46341222524642944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45367687940597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.42841601371765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.4173373579978943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171115542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331892","display_name":"Software-defined radio","level":2,"score":0.41455554962158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.41405317187309265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.4128516912460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3910897970199585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.34698933362960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33297622203826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23290425539016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2239929735660553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2090248465538025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.09582284092903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21051556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051556","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1556/pdf?version=1614674815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33668102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33668102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:90e2db1bb9d5400fad04092168592281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/90e2db1bb9d5400fad04092168592281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 5, p 1556 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/5/1556/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 5; Pages: 1556","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7956172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7956172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21051556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051556","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/5/1556/pdf?version=1614674815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8325312240","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"39-826","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324554","funder_display_name":"Al Jouf University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324554","display_name":"Al Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3131643225.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3131643225.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983004899","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W1992633833","https://openalex.org/W1995963238","https://openalex.org/W2005956500","https://openalex.org/W2016720185","https://openalex.org/W2030003581","https://openalex.org/W2033218871","https://openalex.org/W2041869209","https://openalex.org/W2042645367","https://openalex.org/W2051219723","https://openalex.org/W2058764588","https://openalex.org/W2064823359","https://openalex.org/W2073828864","https://openalex.org/W2102539288","https://openalex.org/W2102942426","https://openalex.org/W2107857031","https://openalex.org/W2110757521","https://openalex.org/W2127401968","https://openalex.org/W2140670010","https://openalex.org/W2143908786","https://openalex.org/W2144528478","https://openalex.org/W2152121970","https://openalex.org/W2163841766","https://openalex.org/W2164536085","https://openalex.org/W2170738062","https://openalex.org/W2170778725","https://openalex.org/W2241069254","https://openalex.org/W2407268526","https://openalex.org/W2464915532","https://openalex.org/W2555137939","https://openalex.org/W2566983020","https://openalex.org/W2778865024","https://openalex.org/W2807945283","https://openalex.org/W2883214511","https://openalex.org/W2906011407","https://openalex.org/W2937286339","https://openalex.org/W2962904198","https://openalex.org/W2997530752","https://openalex.org/W3091996529","https://openalex.org/W3102175751","https://openalex.org/W3109267463","https://openalex.org/W4248437541","https://openalex.org/W4250664506","https://openalex.org/W4299346213"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2162075876","https://openalex.org/W2487859980","https://openalex.org/W2545213287","https://openalex.org/W4242136067","https://openalex.org/W2887315079","https://openalex.org/W2079465364","https://openalex.org/W2033764231","https://openalex.org/W4224939014","https://openalex.org/W2030368391","https://openalex.org/W1989642027"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modulation":[0],"detection":[1,32,36,49,174],"techniques":[2,115],"have":[3],"received":[4,87],"much":[5],"attention":[6],"in":[7,14,52,63,168],"recent":[8],"years":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,38,139,162],"their":[12],"importance":[13],"the":[15,29,35,39,48,53,64,77,82,86,90,95,107,111,125,136,141,146,154,157,163,172],"military":[16],"and":[17,24,70,110,135,175],"commercial":[18],"applications,":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21,89],"software-defined":[22],"radio":[23],"cognitive":[25],"radios.":[26],"Most":[27],"of":[28,50,66,85,156,170],"existing":[30],"modulation":[31,173],"algorithms":[33],"address":[34],"dedicated":[37],"non-cooperative":[40],"systems":[41,59],"only.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"work,":[45],"we":[46,80,100],"propose":[47],"modulations":[51],"multi-relay":[54],"cooperative":[55],"multiple-input":[56],"multiple-output":[57],"(MIMO)":[58],"for":[60,145],"5G":[61],"communications":[62],"presence":[65],"spatially":[67],"correlated":[68],"channels":[69],"imperfect":[71],"channel":[72],"state":[73],"information":[74],"(CSI).":[75],"At":[76],"destination":[78],"node,":[79],"extract":[81],"higher-order":[83],"statistics":[84],"signals":[88],"discriminating":[91],"features.":[92],"After":[93],"applying":[94],"principal":[96],"component":[97],"analysis":[98],"technique,":[99],"carry":[101],"out":[102],"a":[103],"comparative":[104],"study":[105],"between":[106],"random":[108,158],"committee":[109,159],"AdaBoost":[112,164],"machine":[113],"learning":[114],"(MLTs)":[116],"at":[117],"low":[118],"signal-to-noise":[119],"ratio.":[120],"The":[121,149],"efficiency":[122],"metrics,":[123],"including":[124],"true":[126],"positive":[127,130],"rate,":[128,131],"false":[129],"precision,":[132],"recall,":[133],"F-Measure,":[134],"time":[137],"taken":[138],"build":[140],"model,":[142],"are":[143],"used":[144],"performance":[147],"comparison.":[148],"simulation":[150],"results":[151],"show":[152],"that":[153],"use":[155],"MLT,":[160,165],"compared":[161],"provides":[166],"gain":[167],"terms":[169],"both":[171],"complexity.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}