{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130657198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041426","title":"An Energy-Efficient UWB Transmitter with Wireless Injection Locking for RF Energy-Harvesting Sensors","display_name":"An Energy-Efficient UWB Transmitter with Wireless Injection Locking for RF Energy-Harvesting Sensors","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130657198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041426","mag":"3130657198","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33670663"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21041426","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041426","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/4/1426/pdf?version=1613961891","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/4/1426/pdf?version=1613961891","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005319406","display_name":"Jun-Tae Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4417-0637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun-Tae Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Information Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Information Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085394020","display_name":"Bo-Ram Heo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo-Ram Heo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Information Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Information Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017312202","display_name":"Ickjin Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2595-4965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ickjin Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Information Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2595-4965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Information Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017312202"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.4067,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59251316,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"4","first_page":"1426","last_page":"1426"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.719876766204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.6627535820007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.6033385992050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-harvesting","display_name":"Energy harvesting","score":0.5624804496765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rf-power-amplifier","display_name":"RF power amplifier","score":0.5338607430458069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.4876505136489868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.458418071269989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4549545347690582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-generator","display_name":"Pulse generator","score":0.41267114877700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3942071199417114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3717937171459198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3245311379432678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3111739456653595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18065017461776733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.16722503304481506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.0814669132232666}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.719876766204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.6627535820007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.6033385992050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101518730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930236","display_name":"Energy harvesting","level":3,"score":0.5624804496765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196054291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7276624","display_name":"RF power amplifier","level":4,"score":0.5338607430458069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.4876505136489868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.458418071269989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4549545347690582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51319974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3509564","display_name":"Pulse generator","level":3,"score":0.41267114877700806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3942071199417114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3717937171459198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3245311379432678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3111739456653595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18065017461776733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.16722503304481506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0814669132232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21041426","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041426","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/4/1426/pdf?version=1613961891","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33670663","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33670663","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2fe7dfcfc508453ca7fad5942548b0a7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2fe7dfcfc508453ca7fad5942548b0a7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 4, p 1426 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/4/1426/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 4; Pages: 1426","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7922016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7922016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21041426","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041426","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/4/1426/pdf?version=1613961891","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5739018164","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1H1A2011124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322202","display_name":"IC Design Education Center","ror":"https://ror.org/005v57z85"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130657198.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130657198.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1932346736","https://openalex.org/W1961495199","https://openalex.org/W1970212656","https://openalex.org/W1979335599","https://openalex.org/W1989043209","https://openalex.org/W1989095672","https://openalex.org/W1996271793","https://openalex.org/W1996498388","https://openalex.org/W2016167819","https://openalex.org/W2019432007","https://openalex.org/W2019485226","https://openalex.org/W2023883581","https://openalex.org/W2026693986","https://openalex.org/W2029477947","https://openalex.org/W2034151099","https://openalex.org/W2051547299","https://openalex.org/W2056294528","https://openalex.org/W2058723768","https://openalex.org/W2076528485","https://openalex.org/W2096695699","https://openalex.org/W2107215319","https://openalex.org/W2122847778","https://openalex.org/W2131600307","https://openalex.org/W2138652368","https://openalex.org/W2147863316","https://openalex.org/W2177552403","https://openalex.org/W2324477610","https://openalex.org/W2343593675","https://openalex.org/W2460190395","https://openalex.org/W2479808812","https://openalex.org/W2604353900","https://openalex.org/W2738149697","https://openalex.org/W2742986127","https://openalex.org/W2750476287","https://openalex.org/W2756867176","https://openalex.org/W2784273303","https://openalex.org/W2801453828","https://openalex.org/W2802083347","https://openalex.org/W2895934437","https://openalex.org/W2906579633","https://openalex.org/W2944804137","https://openalex.org/W2965642202","https://openalex.org/W2966030760","https://openalex.org/W2966587776","https://openalex.org/W6645316115","https://openalex.org/W6656509909","https://openalex.org/W6685613458"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2791994394","https://openalex.org/W3209221379","https://openalex.org/W2156294920","https://openalex.org/W4296935286","https://openalex.org/W2584021408","https://openalex.org/W3193712762","https://openalex.org/W2045401036","https://openalex.org/W2155700382","https://openalex.org/W2087560913","https://openalex.org/W4287025514"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"ultralow-power":[1,62,153],"ultrawideband":[2],"(UWB)":[3],"transmitter":[4,105,181],"with":[5,171,182,193,210],"an":[6,19,56,194,202],"energy-efficient":[7,32,144],"injection-locked":[8,39,57,123],"radio":[9],"frequency":[10,172],"(RF)":[11],"clock":[12,34,60,125,145,184],"harvester":[13,35,126,185],"that":[14,71],"generates":[15],"a":[16,85,103,108,114,137,155],"carrier":[17],"from":[18,147],"RF":[20,25,33,124,130,149,163,183,215],"signal":[21],"is":[22,43,69,119,159],"proposed":[23,44,122,179],"for":[24],"energy-harvesting":[26,216],"Internet-of-Things":[27],"(IoT)":[28],"sensor":[29],"applications.":[30,217],"The":[31,121,178],"based":[36,106],"on":[37,107],"the":[38,128,162,187,211],"ring":[40],"oscillator":[41],"(ILRO)":[42],"to":[45,54,78,169,175],"achieve":[46],"optimal":[47],"locking":[48,157],"range":[49,158],"and":[50,95,113,201],"minimum":[51],"input":[52,131,150],"sensitivity":[53,132],"obtain":[55],"450":[58],"MHz":[59],"in":[61,91,214],"operation.":[63],"A":[64],"current-starved":[65],"inverter-based":[66],"delay":[67,73,87],"stage":[68],"adopted":[70],"allows":[72],"adjustment":[74],"by":[75],"bias":[76],"voltage":[77],"minimize":[79,99],"dynamic":[80],"current":[81,101],"consumption":[82,139,190,197,204],"while":[83],"maintaining":[84],"constant":[86],"regardless":[88],"of":[89,133,140,166,198,205],"changes":[90,173],"process,":[92],"supply":[93],"voltage,":[94],"temperature":[96],"(PVT).":[97],"To":[98],"static":[100],"consumption,":[102],"UWB":[104,110,180],"digital-based":[109],"pulse":[111,192],"generator":[112],"pulse-driven":[115],"switching":[116],"drive":[117],"amplifier":[118],"proposed.":[120],"achieves":[127,186],"best":[129],"-34":[134],"dBm":[135,168],"at":[136,161],"power":[138,165,196],"2.03":[141],"\u03bcW,":[142],"enabling":[143,208],"harvesting":[146],"low":[148],"power.":[151],"In":[152],"operation,":[154],"23.8%":[156],"achieved":[160],"injection":[164],"-15":[167],"cope":[170],"due":[174],"PVT":[176],"variations.":[177],"lowest":[188],"energy":[189,203,212],"per":[191],"average":[195],"97.03":[199],"\u03bcW":[200],"19.41":[206],"pJ/pulse,":[207],"operation":[209],"available":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}