{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3132282193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041354","title":"Review on Vehicle Detection Technology for Unmanned Ground Vehicles","display_name":"Review on Vehicle Detection Technology for Unmanned Ground Vehicles","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3132282193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041354","mag":"3132282193","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33672976"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21041354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041354","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/4/1354/pdf?version=1613965624","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/4/1354/pdf?version=1613965624","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453144","display_name":"Qi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5378-6404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100089, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100089, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042718225","display_name":"Zirui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7056-4264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["CN","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zirui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Transport and Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands","School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100089, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Transport and Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100089, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100540476","display_name":"Shihua Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shihua Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100089, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100089, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013816907","display_name":"Yuzheng Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuzheng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100089, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100089, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054063853","display_name":"Xueyuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1112-5610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueyuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100089, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100089, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100540476"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.9723,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95014102,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"4","first_page":"1354","last_page":"1354"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safer","display_name":"SAFER","score":0.7348591685295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5014824867248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.48436030745506287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.4503282308578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.40215960144996643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.3783372938632965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3608320951461792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3251303732395172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2331797182559967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.7348591685295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5014824867248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.48436030745506287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4503282308578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.40215960144996643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3783372938632965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3608320951461792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3251303732395172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2331797182559967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21041354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041354","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/4/1354/pdf?version=1613965624","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33672976","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33672976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:efb8b6904ca14b2190dae7d792132203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/efb8b6904ca14b2190dae7d792132203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 4, p 1354 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/4/1354/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 4; Pages: 1354","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7918767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7918767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21041354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041354","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/4/1354/pdf?version=1613965624","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3132282193.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3132282193.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":296,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30659672","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1480916073","https://openalex.org/W1487718959","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1552120626","https://openalex.org/W1553770869","https://openalex.org/W1564651819","https://openalex.org/W1573546770","https://openalex.org/W1573633957","https://openalex.org/W1614704886","https://openalex.org/W1637724323","https://openalex.org/W1655862407","https://openalex.org/W1674505557","https://openalex.org/W1924453835","https://openalex.org/W1967659990","https://openalex.org/W1970416740","https://openalex.org/W1973394488","https://openalex.org/W1973890428","https://openalex.org/W1976067945","https://openalex.org/W1982584225","https://openalex.org/W1985342745","https://openalex.org/W1987502586","https://openalex.org/W1988672029","https://openalex.org/W1989670036","https://openalex.org/W1994114209","https://openalex.org/W1994386838","https://openalex.org/W1995995493","https://openalex.org/W1997222724","https://openalex.org/W2007834235","https://openalex.org/W2007884163","https://openalex.org/W2009549443","https://openalex.org/W2012700862","https://openalex.org/W2014625578","https://openalex.org/W2023906439","https://openalex.org/W2027628481","https://openalex.org/W2035804851","https://openalex.org/W2036329155","https://openalex.org/W2038591472","https://openalex.org/W2044149867","https://openalex.org/W2044164936","https://openalex.org/W2045594370","https://openalex.org/W2055953268","https://openalex.org/W2066096346","https://openalex.org/W2088173505","https://openalex.org/W2088509947","https://openalex.org/W2090890830","https://openalex.org/W2094942197","https://openalex.org/W2095345422","https://openalex.org/W2098117141","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2102625004","https://openalex.org/W2102936639","https://openalex.org/W2104572919","https://openalex.org/W2107965824","https://openalex.org/W2108961941","https://openalex.org/W2120762646","https://openalex.org/W2125022514","https://openalex.org/W2127070222","https://openalex.org/W2127381646","https://openalex.org/W2135179171","https://openalex.org/W2136929315","https://openalex.org/W2138140163","https://openalex.org/W2140185277","https://openalex.org/W2145517081","https://openalex.org/W2145859819","https://openalex.org/W2146769544","https://openalex.org/W2148392562","https://openalex.org/W2149562576","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2158604775","https://openalex.org/W2158756768","https://openalex.org/W2161064981","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2162135738","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2165065922","https://openalex.org/W2167034998","https://openalex.org/W2167340365","https://openalex.org/W2168125704","https://openalex.org/W2179352600","https://openalex.org/W2183182206","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2206222117","https://openalex.org/W2208592848","https://openalex.org/W2220750102","https://openalex.org/W2245371206","https://openalex.org/W2246351034","https://openalex.org/W2281954672","https://openalex.org/W2290146484","https://openalex.org/W2290372580","https://openalex.org/W2292874665","https://openalex.org/W2302574575","https://openalex.org/W2311289276","https://openalex.org/W2325710088","https://openalex.org/W2330077725","https://openalex.org/W2332217194","https://openalex.org/W2344934580","https://openalex.org/W2347073743","https://openalex.org/W2392129975","https://openalex.org/W2396386163","https://openalex.org/W2400500060","https://openalex.org/W2401333338","https://openalex.org/W2415454270","https://openalex.org/W2460559753","https://openalex.org/W2469278928","https://openalex.org/W2496944958","https://openalex.org/W2511780957","https://openalex.org/W2512113942","https://openalex.org/W2530925003","https://openalex.org/W2543236603","https://openalex.org/W2551797136","https://openalex.org/W2554652577","https://openalex.org/W2555048591","https://openalex.org/W2555618208","https://openalex.org/W2557258023","https://openalex.org/W2558294288","https://openalex.org/W2559982173","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2565755350","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2571773278","https://openalex.org/W2586027921","https://openalex.org/W2589114097","https://openalex.org/W2592680288","https://openalex.org/W2604724028","https://openalex.org/W2606804382","https://openalex.org/W2609057791","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2618786344","https://openalex.org/W2620585407","https://openalex.org/W2621438149","https://openalex.org/W2624503621","https://openalex.org/W2626228388","https://openalex.org/W2635976530","https://openalex.org/W2734995888","https://openalex.org/W2736197091","https://openalex.org/W2758090391","https://openalex.org/W2764012408","https://openalex.org/W2765774771","https://openalex.org/W2766690012","https://openalex.org/W2767067454","https://openalex.org/W2767876981","https://openalex.org/W2774756930","https://openalex.org/W2786390189","https://openalex.org/W2787016684","https://openalex.org/W2789294806","https://openalex.org/W2790154949","https://openalex.org/W2791003324","https://openalex.org/W2793066252","https://openalex.org/W2794110479","https://openalex.org/W2795812085","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2796402180","https://openalex.org/W2796981170","https://openalex.org/W2798902623","https://openalex.org/W2798965597","https://openalex.org/W2807183728","https://openalex.org/W2883223908","https://openalex.org/W2884355388","https://openalex.org/W2884634491","https://openalex.org/W2885285090","https://openalex.org/W2890520809","https://openalex.org/W2890842025","https://openalex.org/W2891649842","https://openalex.org/W2892369634","https://openalex.org/W2895946091","https://openalex.org/W2896099866","https://openalex.org/W2896104648","https://openalex.org/W2896155617","https://openalex.org/W2896263382","https://openalex.org/W2896682286","https://openalex.org/W2897012880","https://openalex.org/W2897115001","https://openalex.org/W2897371279","https://openalex.org/W2897529137","https://openalex.org/W2897545412","https://openalex.org/W2897890443","https://openalex.org/W2899954294","https://openalex.org/W2900714240","https://openalex.org/W2902302021","https://openalex.org/W2904140919","https://openalex.org/W2904542573","https://openalex.org/W2905361855","https://openalex.org/W2906735273","https://openalex.org/W2907105210","https://openalex.org/W2908440619","https://openalex.org/W2909429834","https://openalex.org/W2911486422","https://openalex.org/W2912493354","https://openalex.org/W2915790072","https://openalex.org/W2924326818","https://openalex.org/W2939308603","https://openalex.org/W2944446935","https://openalex.org/W2944967058","https://openalex.org/W2945408524","https://openalex.org/W2946937809","https://openalex.org/W2947278483","https://openalex.org/W2948202027","https://openalex.org/W2949121154","https://openalex.org/W2949689798","https://openalex.org/W2949708697","https://openalex.org/W2949835151","https://openalex.org/W2950972936","https://openalex.org/W2955573317","https://openalex.org/W2960188294","https://openalex.org/W2962912109","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963083779","https://openalex.org/W2963121255","https://openalex.org/W2963167203","https://openalex.org/W2963241193","https://openalex.org/W2963410012","https://openalex.org/W2963432933","https://openalex.org/W2963438049","https://openalex.org/W2963510238","https://openalex.org/W2963721253","https://openalex.org/W2963727135","https://openalex.org/W2964981172","https://openalex.org/W2965376383","https://openalex.org/W2965426837","https://openalex.org/W2966535964","https://openalex.org/W2967324759","https://openalex.org/W2968296999","https://openalex.org/W2969811230","https://openalex.org/W2970011264","https://openalex.org/W2970095196","https://openalex.org/W2970352618","https://openalex.org/W2970495364","https://openalex.org/W2970518161","https://openalex.org/W2970531107","https://openalex.org/W2970548192","https://openalex.org/W2970594690","https://openalex.org/W2970618130","https://openalex.org/W2970624554","https://openalex.org/W2970706327","https://openalex.org/W2970918286","https://openalex.org/W2970989527","https://openalex.org/W2971173446","https://openalex.org/W2971501873","https://openalex.org/W2971662255","https://openalex.org/W2974667954","https://openalex.org/W2979888292","https://openalex.org/W2980386799","https://openalex.org/W2981699264","https://openalex.org/W2981949127","https://openalex.org/W2982379822","https://openalex.org/W2988412664","https://openalex.org/W2990207990","https://openalex.org/W2990387732","https://openalex.org/W2990517290","https://openalex.org/W2990767894","https://openalex.org/W2991095133","https://openalex.org/W2991128927","https://openalex.org/W2991454703","https://openalex.org/W2995412840","https://openalex.org/W2997958396","https://openalex.org/W2998094892","https://openalex.org/W2999423154","https://openalex.org/W3008105217","https://openalex.org/W3014243932","https://openalex.org/W3015270105","https://openalex.org/W3016582956","https://openalex.org/W3016786947","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3038111397","https://openalex.org/W3040318838","https://openalex.org/W3045897451","https://openalex.org/W3063696091","https://openalex.org/W3083693164","https://openalex.org/W3090783937","https://openalex.org/W3098440839","https://openalex.org/W3098722327","https://openalex.org/W3099746624","https://openalex.org/W3100809388","https://openalex.org/W3102178346","https://openalex.org/W3103026885","https://openalex.org/W3103612787","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3118212025","https://openalex.org/W3119387319","https://openalex.org/W3123301069","https://openalex.org/W3174504503","https://openalex.org/W4226051885","https://openalex.org/W4249022109","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6601223478","https://openalex.org/W6676074183","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6684392942","https://openalex.org/W6762646309","https://openalex.org/W6765629798","https://openalex.org/W6769271789","https://openalex.org/W6810879400"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953205341","https://openalex.org/W235065745","https://openalex.org/W2029935773","https://openalex.org/W2787754950","https://openalex.org/W1572215850","https://openalex.org/W1985775355","https://openalex.org/W2352115286","https://openalex.org/W2084793300","https://openalex.org/W2476350415","https://openalex.org/W2895207675"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"ground":[1],"vehicles":[2],"(UGVs)":[3],"have":[4,17],"great":[5,37],"potential":[6],"in":[7,23,88,90,128,135,147],"the":[8,19,30,63,76,122,136],"application":[9,59],"of":[10,21,32,36,67,75,80,92,108,124,139],"both":[11],"civilian":[12],"and":[13,16,43,61,65,86],"military":[14],"fields,":[15],"become":[18],"focus":[20],"research":[22,133],"many":[24],"countries.":[25],"Environmental":[26],"perception":[27,82],"technology":[28,142],"is":[29,35],"foundation":[31],"UGVs,":[33],"which":[34],"significance":[38],"to":[39,100,120],"achieve":[40,121],"a":[41],"safer":[42],"more":[44],"efficient":[45],"performance.":[46],"This":[47],"article":[48],"firstly":[49],"introduces":[50],"commonly":[51],"used":[52],"sensors":[53],"for":[54,104,143],"vehicle":[55,109,125,140],"detection,":[56],"lists":[57],"their":[58],"scenarios":[60],"compares":[62],"strengths":[64],"weakness":[66],"different":[68,93],"sensors.":[69,94],"Secondly,":[70],"related":[71,99],"works":[72],"about":[73,116],"one":[74],"most":[77],"important":[78],"aspects":[79],"environmental":[81],"technology-vehicle":[83],"detection-are":[84],"reviewed":[85],"compared":[87],"detail":[89],"terms":[91],"Thirdly,":[95],"several":[96],"simulation":[97,106],"platforms":[98],"UGVs":[101,117,144],"are":[102,118,145],"presented":[103],"facilitating":[105],"testing":[107],"detection":[110,126,141],"algorithms.":[111],"In":[112],"addition,":[113],"some":[114],"datasets":[115],"summarized":[119],"verification":[123],"algorithms":[127],"practical":[129],"application.":[130],"Finally,":[131],"promising":[132],"topics":[134],"future":[137],"study":[138],"discussed":[146],"detail.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}